“…Essentially, social media enables individuals and organisations to act as influencers in the dissemination of information in terms of posting, re-sharing, commenting, tagging, and re-tweeting (Lee et al, 2015b ; Shin & Thorson, 2017 ). The dark side of this form of endorsed information sharing is that consumers of the information are exposed to ‘filtered’ information (Fletcher & Nielsen, 2018 ; Gallaugher & Ransbotham, 2010 ; Kietzmann et al, 2011 ; Tran et al, 2020 ). This exposure increases the risk of misinformation being shared across the social media platform, leading to SMIP, such as echo chambers (Brugnoli et al, 2019 ; Mondal et al, 2018 ; Toubiana & Zietsma, 2017 ; Wu et al, 2019 ).…”