An investigation of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism, MCR in Escherichia coli of human, veterinary and environmental origin in Bangladesh

Abstract

one group shed valuable light on the other. The relatively low incidence of many arenavirus infections-especially in the New World where some are recognized only in outbreak form-as well as historically undeveloped research infrastructure and civil unrest in many areas where arenavirus are endemic has impeded clinical study. The natural history of disease and underlying pathophysiology remain poorly understood. Nevertheless, there is reasonable evidence of efficacy of the guanosine analogue ribavirin and convalescent immune plasma for these viruses, although further study employing more modern techniques and standards is certainly warranted. In addition, there are concerns regarding availability, toxicity, and ease of administration of ribavirin and immune plasma. New approaches are needed. The end of some of the civil conflicts in endemic areas for Lassa fever in West Africa, followed by the large 2013-16 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the region that served to refocus attention on viral hemorrhagic fevers, especially Lassa, has renewed interest and, to a degree, resources, for more in-depth study of Arenaviruses, including efficacy of new drugs. Interest is particularly high in the RNA polymerase inhibitor favipiravir, for which promising pre-clinical data are available. Establishing newer more efficacious and safer treatments of Arenavirus infection will require continued investment in both preclinical and clinical study, including development of the required infrastructure for clinical trials in West Africa. It will be important to conduct more systematic clinical observation of patients with arenavirus infection to better understand the pathogenesis of disease and identify logical points of intervention. Lastly, while difficult to quantify, it is likely that much could be gained in terms of reducing mortality simply by enhancing infrastructure required to deliver modern quality supportive care in the endemic areas for arenaviruses, which include many of the world's poorest regions.

Occurrence and Characteristics of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Containing Isolates from the Environment: A Review

“…Presence of MGCB on environmental contact surfaces in other Asian countries is yet to be reported. However, it is worth noting that in Bangladesh, mcr-1 and mcr-2 were detected in E. coli isolates from poultry birds/street foods but not in samples from poultry farm environment [72], suggesting that COLROS may not survive harsh environmental conditions particularly where high biosecurity measures (such as disinfection of farm environment) are put in place. mcr: mobile colistin resistance gene; -: no data; Additional resistance traits: Additional resistance traits: resistance factors identified in one mcr-positive isolate or pooled factors in more than one mcr-positive isolate; Sequence type: comprise all sequence types of mcr gene-positive isolates; Plasmid: plasmid types identified in a/pooled mcr gene-positive isolate; Inc.: incompatibility; IS: insertion sequence.…”

A Review on Colistin Resistance: An Antibiotic of Last Resort

“…In a recent study published in Bangladesh, three E. coli strains isolated from poultry and two from street foods have been shown to be harboring the mcr-1 and mcr-2 genes, respectively. This study underscores the significant prevalence of E. coli strains resistant to colistin in food samples, raising concerns about the potential transfer of resistance to humans [108]. A recent study conducted in India, focusing on Gram-negative bacteria isolated from ocular infections, revealed alarming findings.…”

Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Containing Organisms in Poultry Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and One Health Control Strategies

“…Carrion-eating animals (such as carnivores-dogs and cats, and rodents) and humans can be infected by MGCB when they consume carcasses of dead birds since these organisms have been isolated from the internal organs of birds, including sick and dead birds in China [59][60][61][62][63][64], Bangladesh [40,41,53,65,66], Pakistan [67], Malaysia [54,68], Nepal [69][70][71], Tunisia [72][73][74][75], Egypt [2,[76][77][78][79][80], and Morocco [81]. Accordingly, mcr-4-positive salmonellae and mcr-1-positive E. coli were isolated from rats captured in poultry farms in South Africa [82] and Thailand [83], respectively.…”

“…Handlers (such as butchers and food preparers, especially those with poor hygiene and without PPE) of raw poultry meat and consumers of raw and half-cooked eggs/and poultry meat are at greater risk of being infected with MGCB. This is because mcr-1positive S. Typhimurium was isolated from the internal contents of eggs in China [44], mcr-bearing organisms were recovered from street foods in Bangladesh [40,66,128], and ST11 mcr-1-positive Salmonella Enteritidis that contaminated poultry meat was associated with an outbreak of human salmonellosis in Russia [127].…”

“…Out of 3295 Enterobacterales isolated from poultry birds and the environment, 533 (16.2%) organisms harbouring mcr genes (mcr-1-421 E. coli, 12 Salmonella, 17 Proteus, 10 Kleb-siella, 2 Enterobacter, and 1 Shigella; mcr-2-2 Proteus mirabilis and 1 each for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella, and Enterobacter; and mcr-3-11 E. coli) were [39][40][41]53,65,66,88,93,[181][182][183]. This suggests a considerably high incidence of a diversity of bacteria spreading various mcr gene types in the Bangladeshi poultry sector.…”