This study provides a comparative analysis of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and Lebanon's development challenges in the 21st century, examining the factors behind Saudi Arabia's progress in implementing its ambitious vision and the systemic issues hindering Lebanon's growth. The research explores governance, economic policies, social reforms, and geopolitical influences in shaping these divergent paths. By analyzing key factors such as natural resource management, institutional capacity, political stability, and strategic planning, the study highlights the critical roles of vision, leadership, and institutional capacity in driving sustainable development. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers in the Middle East and other developing regions, enhancing the understanding of effective development strategies in diverse socio-economic contexts.