Rapid change in the business environment, constant breakthroughs in information technology, and higher customer expectations mean that firms' successes will be increasingly dependent on learning (Baldwin, Danielson, and Wiggenhorn 1997). The notion of leveraging superior learning processes as a source of competitive advantage is well established (Baker and Sinkula 1999;Day 1994;de Geus 1988de Geus , 1997 Narver 1995, 2000;Slocum, McGill, and Lei 1994;Stata 1989). In fact, Stata suggests that "the rate at which individuals and organizations learn may be the only source of sustainable competitive advantage" (p. 64).Concurrent with the notion of leveraging learning for competitive advantage is the emergence of the learning organization concept (Garvin 1993(Garvin , 2000Marsick and Watkins 1999;Pedler, Burgoyne, and Boydell 1991;Senge 1990; Marsick 1993, 1996). Learning organizations focus on the importance of acquiring, processing and disseminating knowledge, facilitating and making use of individual learning, and modifying behavior and practices to reflect the learning (Applebaum and Reichart 1998). The overall premise of the learning organization concept is that the firm can improve performance by developing the learning skills and harnessing the knowledge of its employees.Learning organization characteristics may help logistics managers develop systems thinking, information sharing, and collaborative teamwork skills to improve firm performance (Drew and Smith 1998). The current business environment has raised the performance bar substantially for today's logistics manager who must "maintain an organizational lightness of foot never before seen" (Mississippi State University 1999, p. 4). As the "quarterbacks" for supply chain initiatives, logistics managers are expected to get closer to the customer and become conversant with information technology (Quinn 1997), break down traditional intra-organizational barriers