An investigation of the effects of solution heat treatment on mechanical properties for AA 6xxx alloys: experimentation and modelling

An experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of macro-textured tool surfaces in hot stamping

“…The chemical composition is provided by the materials supplier [31] and given in Table 1. The typical solution heat treatment temperature for the alloy is 525°C [32].…”

“…where ρ 0 is the material initial dislocation density, ρ varies from 0 (initial state) to 1 (dislocation network saturated state) [32], and calculated by Eq. (4).…”

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Formability of Materials in Hot Stamping and Cold Die Quenching Processes

“…In these equations, hardening of a material during viscoplastic deformation is modelled according to the accumulation of plastic strains only [6][7][8] .Recently dislocation-based hardening constitutive equations have been developed by Lin et al 9 , where the recovery of dislocations due to annealing and recrystallisation in hot forming conditions is included. Based on the previous work, a new set of unified viscoplastic damage constitutive equations for boron steel and aluminium alloy has been formed and is given below:…”

“…The heated blank sheet is quickly transferred to a press and deformed with a cold die set. The formed part is then held within the closed cold dies for rapid cooling, which enables the phase transformation from austenite to martensite for boron steel and avoids the formation of coarse β phase precipitates, particularly at grain boundaries, for the aluminium alloy 6 . At the same time, thermal distortion due to high temperature-gradients during quenching can be minimized by the constraint of the dies.…”

Design considerations for HFQ®hot stamped aluminium structural panels

“…The HFQ manufacturing process has been assessed for its lifecycle environmental benefits and the study reveals that HFQ has whole-life environmental advantages over conventional forming methods [1]. Several publications are concerned with the material response during HFQ forming [2,3] and literature is also available on the fundamental material evolution during HFQ forming [4,5]. However, there are few published design examples utilising HFQ and what is available focusses on specific geometries, e.g.…”