An Investigation of the Effects of Music on Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Interpretations

Carlton, Lana; MacDonald, Raymond

doi:10.1177/10298649040070s101

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The current study drew on previous research identifying a soothing to stimulating continuum for music (Hallam and Price, 1998), positive and negative affect (Carlton and MacDonald, 2003), and differential arousal potential (North and Hargreaves, 1999). Firstly, the study hypothesizes that music with a high arousal potential and negative affect (HA), music with a low arousal potential and positive affect (LA), general noise and silence would differentially affect task performance.…”

Section: Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of background music and background noise on the task performance of introverts and extraverts

Cassidy

MacDonald

2007

Psychology of Music

202

149

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The study investigated the effects of music with high arousal potential and negative affect (HA), music with low arousal potential and positive affect (LA), and everyday noise, on the cognitive task performance of introverts and extraverts. Forty participants completed five cognitive tasks: immediate recall, free recall, numerical and delayed recall, and Stroop. Ten participants completed each of these tasks in one of four sound conditions: HA, LA, everyday noise and silence. Participants were also assessed for levels of introversion/ extroversion, and reported their music/noise and study preferences. Performance was lessened across all cognitive tasks in the presence of background sound (music or noise) compared to silence. HA and LA music produced differential distraction effects, with performance of all tasks being poorer in the presence of HA compared to LA and silence, in the presence of noise than silence across all tasks, and in the presence of noise than LA in three of the four tasks. Performance was moderated by internal arousal, with introverts performing better overall on each task except the Stroop, and appearing to be more detrimentally affected by the presence of HA music and noise.

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Section: Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of background music and background noise on the task performance of introverts and extraverts

Cassidy

MacDonald

2007

Psychology of Music

202

149

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“…As the primary focus of research into musical emotions until recently, a substantial knowledge now exists of specific structural features of music that engage our attention and elicit emotion (Krumhansl, 1997;Carlton and MacDonald, 2004). These structural features alone, however, cannot be seen as producing a full emotional reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of the effects of preferred music, arithmetic and humour on cold pressor pain

Mitchell

MacDonald

Brodie

2006

European Journal of Pain

145

103

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Research studies of 'audioanalgesia', the ability of music to affect pain perception, have significantly increased in number during the past two decades. Listening to preferred music in particular may provide an emotionally engaging distraction capable of reducing both the sensation of pain itself and the accompanying negative affective experience. The current study uses experimentally induced cold pressor pain to compare the effects of preferred music to two types of distracting stimuli found effective within the previous studies; mental arithmetic, a cognitive distraction, and humour, which may emotionally engage us in a similar manner to music. Forty-four participants (24 females, 20 males) underwent three cold pressor trials in counterbalanced order. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task provided the cognitive distraction and a choice was given from three types of audiotaped stand-up comedy. Participants provided their own preferred music. A circulating and cooling water bath administered cold pressor stimulation. Tolerance time, pain intensity on visual analogue scale and the pain rating index and perceived control were measured. Preferred music listening was found to significantly increase tolerance in comparison to the cognitive task, and significantly increase perceived control in comparison to humour. Ratings of pain intensity did not significantly differ. The results suggest preferred music listening to offer effective distraction and enhancement of control as a pain intervention under controlled laboratory conditions.

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“…Accordingly, it interacts with moving pictures differently than with a still image, which is a divergent type of projection surface. Consequently, numerous studies investigating how music alters the perception of purely visual (still) stimuli (e.g., Arriaga, Esteves, & Feddes, 2014; Carlton & MacDonald, 2003; Hanser, Mark, Zijlstra, & Vingerhoets, 2015; Liu, 1976; Parrott, 1982; Stratton & Zalanowski, 1989) were not regarded in the review. Although their progression within time is similar, all studies dealing with the interaction of music and (spoken) text were also neglected (e.g., Lastinger, 2011; Thompson & Russo, 2004; Vuoskoski & Eerola, 2015; Ziv & Goshen, 2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On music’s potential to convey meaning in film: A systematic review of empirical evidence

Herget

2019

Psychology of Music

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With its schema-activating potential to influence an audience’s perception and interpretation of film plot and protagonists, film music goes far beyond the role of an emotionalizing accessory in film contexts. For this review, 24 German and English empirical studies that tested music’s potential to convey meaning were identified to be compared in their research questions, the characteristics of their methods, designs, samples, and stimulus materials, as well as main results. Depending on the degree of realism and the abstraction level of the audio-visual stimulus material, differently connoted music or music of different genres trigger supra-individual associations, which make the recipients’ perceptual patterns and evaluations of film plot and protagonists predictable. The review provides a systematization of music’s effects as well as methodological and content-related indications for future research.

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An Investigation of the Effects of Music on Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Interpretations

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

The effect of background music and background noise on the task performance of introverts and extraverts

The effect of background music and background noise on the task performance of introverts and extraverts

A comparison of the effects of preferred music, arithmetic and humour on cold pressor pain

On music’s potential to convey meaning in film: A systematic review of empirical evidence

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