An investigation of the genetic toxicology of irradiated foodstuffs using short-term test systems. 1. Digestion in vitro and the testing of digests in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test

Phillips, Barry; Kranz, Erhard; Elias, P. S.; Münzner, Ruth

doi:10.1016/0015-6264(80)90192-3

Cited by 13 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…In pulmonary toxicology, the incorporation of simulant fluids to better mimic the in vivo environment and biological interactions was first introduced in the mid-1980s. [16,17] Similarly pretreatments with artificial digestion fluids have been applied for decades in the context of food research, [18,19] yet they have only recently been integrated into ENM safety assessment. [20,21] Biotransformation of ENM has even been touted as critical step in clinical translation of nanomedicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating Nanomaterial Transformation in Cascaded Biological Compartments to Enhance the Physiological Relevance of In Vitro Dosing Regimes: Optional or Required?

Llewellyn

Kämpfer

Keller³

et al. 2021

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Would an engineered nanomaterial (ENM) still have the same identity once it reaches a secondary target tissue after a journey through several physiological compartments? Probably not. Does it matter? ENM pre‐treatments may enhance the physiological relevance of in vitro testing via controlled transformation of the ENM identity. The implications of material transformation upon reactivity, cytotoxicity, inflammatory, and genotoxic potential of Ag and SiO2 ENM on advanced gastro‐intestinal tract cell cultures and 3D liver spheroids are demonstrated. Pre‐treatments are recommended for certain ENM only.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating Nanomaterial Transformation in Cascaded Biological Compartments to Enhance the Physiological Relevance of In Vitro Dosing Regimes: Optional or Required?

Llewellyn

Kämpfer

Keller³

et al. 2021

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Mutagenicity screening of foods I. Results with beverages

Stoltz¹,

Stavrić²,

Krewski³

et al. 1982

Environ. mutagen

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Following a number of recent reports on the presence of mutagens in certain foods, a general survey of the mutagenic potential of a wide variety of food products has been initiated. Here, results for samples of 28 widely consumed beverages from 13 general categories are reported. Each sample was concentrated and fractionated by polarity and solubility to give up to seven fractions, each of which was assayed for mutagenic potential with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 +/- fortified liver homogenate. Fractions showing evidence of either mutagenicity or toxicity were retested at the same and lower concentrations. The utility of the fractionation procedure and the sensitivity of the screening strategy were established by assaying six beverages spiked with known mutagens prior to fractionation. Statistical analysis of the data resulted in positive findings for seven beverages, although confirmation of these results through analysis of a second sample was obtained only for red wine, grape juice, and instant coffee. The remaining 21 beverages showed no strong evidence of mutagenic activity. For those foods for which the variation among replicate plates was largest, the false-positive rate for the two-stage screening procedure employed was estimated to be less than 1% while the false-negative rate for a beverage inducing a threefold increase in the background mutation rate was conservatively estimated to be limited to 14%.

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Toxicological Evaluation of Biotechnology Food Products

Parish

1988

Fett/Lipid

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Biotechnology enables preparation of a diverse range of products, which may be end products for the user or processing agents. Toxicological evaluation requires greater attention to some potentially harmful properties, but does not differ in essentials from standard considerations and test requirements. Products of biotechnological processing may be considered in terms of (a) examination for potential hazards for the products' user, (b) protection of the environment from contamination by organisms derived by genetic engineering, and (c) public emotional responses to biotechnological products and processes. This presentation is mainly concerned with the first issue. Examination for potential hazards requires consideration of the product-forming microorganisms, whether or not the product is the recipient of genes derived from other organisms. If gene transfer has been made, detailed information is required on the identity of the gene, identity and properties of the source and recipient organisms, and transfer of the expression vector into the host. The examination of the fermentor product will be considered in detail, particularly with reference to the detection of any unknown toxins and potential mutagens. First considerations are the stability of the organisms used, and the identity and purity of the gene product. Subsequent examination for mutagenic activity depends upon compatibility with in oifro assay. These include bacterial mutation, primary rat heptocytes (toxicity, DNA repair, inhibition of protein synthesis) and Chinese hamster V79 cells (toxicity and cytogenetics). Parallel tests may be made of digests of food products. If the test product is not compatible with in oifro assays, in uioo tests for micronucleus formation, metaphase chromosome analysis and DNA repair are available as substitutes. Apart from this screen for mutagenic activity, additional tests follow standard procedures for safe handling and feeding tests, pharmacokinetics and teratology, all supported by full pathology.The three main considerations in toxicological evaluation of products or processing aids derived from microorganisms are the properties of the source organism, the safety of any processing aid, e. g. enzyme, and the safety and acceptability of the final product. A scheme is presented of the bio-assays used to determine that microbial enzymes are free from unknown toxins, or toxins possibly escaping from chemical analysis.A representative production batch which becomes the model to set a product specification, is subject to very critical examination. Much less is required to monitor routine production batches. The representative enzyme batch is first examined by chemical analysis for likely mycotoxins. Then samples are prepared as crude solutions in appropriate media (JYMSO or culture media). Further samples are extracted in water/chloroform, evaporated to dryness, and the partially purified, concentrated extract is dissolved in media. The crude solution and concentrated extract are examined on four strains of salmonella in t...

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An investigation of the genetic toxicology of irradiated foodstuffs using short-term test systems. 1. Digestion in vitro and the testing of digests in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Simulating Nanomaterial Transformation in Cascaded Biological Compartments to Enhance the Physiological Relevance of In Vitro Dosing Regimes: Optional or Required?

Simulating Nanomaterial Transformation in Cascaded Biological Compartments to Enhance the Physiological Relevance of In Vitro Dosing Regimes: Optional or Required?

Mutagenicity screening of foods I. Results with beverages

Toxicological Evaluation of Biotechnology Food Products

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