An investigation of the pH dependence of copper-substituted anthrax lethal factor and its mechanistic implications

Young, Calvin J.; Richard, Kaitlin; Beruar, Ananya; Lo, Suet Y.; Siemann, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.01.015

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Bacillus anthracis spores concentrate in soils at anthrax carcass sites and can persist there for years, but spore survival depends on soil conditions [4,44]. There is consensus that spores survive best in slightly alkaline environments [2,7,[44][45][46][47][48][49]. Here, the results of LMMs showed that pH was lowest in the inner zone of carcass sites and increased with distance from the carcass centre (electronic supplementary material, figure S1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Ungulate use of locally infectious zones in a re-emerging anthrax risk area

et al. 2020

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Environmentally mediated indirect pathogen transmission is linked to host movement and foraging in areas where pathogens are maintained in the environment. In the case of anthrax, spores of the causative bacterium Bacillus anthracis are released into the environment following host death and create locally infectious zones (LIZs) around carcass sites; by grazing at LIZs, herbivores are potentially exposed to spores. Here, we used camera traps to assess how ungulate species use carcass sites in southwestern Montana and evaluated how these behaviours may promote indirect anthrax transmission, thus providing, to our knowledge, the first detailed documentation and study of the fine-scale mechanisms underlying foraging-based disease transmission in this ecosystem. We found that carcasses at LIZs significantly increased aboveground biomass of vegetation and concentrations of sodium and phosphorus, potentially making these sites more appealing to grazers. Host behavioural responses to LIZs varied depending on species, sex, season and carcass age; but, overall, our results demonstrated that carcasses or carcass sites serve as an attractant to herbivores in this system. Attraction to LIZs probably represents an increased risk of exposure to B. anthracis and, consequently, increased anthrax transmission rates. Accordingly, continued anthrax surveillance and control strategies are critical in this system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Ungulate use of locally infectious zones in a re-emerging anthrax risk area

et al. 2020

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“…The ability of PA to various modifications and the growing number of new LF drug conjugates, as proved by C.J. Young et al (2018) and E.S. Fischer et al (2019), make this system a fairly versatile tool not only for antitumour therapy but also for use in other areas of veterinary medicine and biomedicine.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features of exotoxin production of vaccine strains of anthrax pathogen for use in the veterinary industry

Zaviriukha,

Vyshnytska,

Yanenko

et al. 2024

Ukrainian journal of veterinary sciences

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Exotoxins that produce vaccine strains of the anthrax pathogen are the main source of immunogenicity of anti-selective vaccines used in veterinary medicine. The relevance of the study is due to the search for the most suitable vaccine strains of the anthrax pathogen to obtain high production of exotoxin as a factor of the effectiveness of drugs for the implementation of preventive and safety measures in the field of veterinary medicine. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to examine the productive properties of microbes of the Bacillus genus regarding the production of exotoxin under changes in cultivation conditions during incubation. Microbiological and biotechnological methods and comparative statistical analysis are used to examine vaccine strains of the anthrax pathogen. Strains are selected according to the intensity of growth on nutrient media. A biotechnological approach to obtaining a specific anthrax protein is used to analyse the production of exotoxin by vaccine strains of the anthrax pathogen. When cultured on identical nutrient media, the vaccine strains produce different amounts of exotoxin. Virulent (B. anthracis IBM-92 Z), vaccine (B. anthracis K-79 Z, B. anthracis Sterne 34F 2, B. anthracis 55, B. anthracis SB. anthracis Tsenkovsky II) strains, and anthrax cultures (B. cereus 8035, B. anthracoides 67, B. subtilis BKM 17) are examined. In the course of experimental work, it is determined that the production of exotoxin of various anthrax pathogen strains depends on the medium’s pH. It is established that with identical pH values of the medium and cultivation conditions, the highest production of exotoxin was shown by the vaccine strain B. anthracis K-79 Z. The titer of a specific anthrax protein was 1:64. Changes in the pH of the medium during the cultivation of strains affect the amount of exotoxin formation – the main factor in the formation of specific immunity against the anthrax pathogen. The results of the study can be applied by specialists of the veterinary service to select antigen producers in the development of new drugs against anthrax in animals based on exotoxins

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%