An investigation of the protection afforded a spacecraft by a thin shield

Hypervelocity crater formation in aluminum alloys at low temperatures

“…If the exponential function is assumed again, the change of crater depth with velocity is well approximated by the equations P ¼ 27:3V 1:59 (5) at room temperature, and P ¼ 22:8V 1:63 (6) at low temperature, respectively, for S55C projectiles. Also, P ¼ 4:97V 1:07 (7) for A2017 projectiles and P ¼ 3:31V 1:02 (8) for NaCl projectiles are obtained.…”

“…The impact velocities ranged from about 0.5 to about 3.7 km/s. The present authors studied the penetration and perforation phenomena for almost the same configuration as that mentioned above but in the somewhat lower velocity range from 0.5 to 1.8 km/s [3] and proposed experimental equations for the crater diameter and the crater depth with respect to the impact velocity by comparing with some empirical equations [4][5][6][7][8][9] at normal temperature conditions. However, as shown later in Section 3, a peculiar behavior was found in the relationship between the crater diameter and the impact velocity both at the normal temperatures and low temperatures.…”

An explanation for the minimal effect of body curvature on hypervelocity penetration hole formation

“…Eq. (A.21) and an empirical correlation, d hole =d ¼ 0:45U ðh=dÞ 2=3 þ 0:9, U measured in Km/s (Maiden and McMillan (1964)). Examination of Fig.…”

“…Data trends and comparison with empirical correlations, e.g. Maiden and McMillan (1964) are discussed in detail. Fig.…”

An engineering fragmentation model for the impact of spherical projectiles on thin metallic plates

“…(4) and (6), the sum terms have to be simplified. Hence, explicit functions have to be developed for the spatial distribution and mass distribution of the fragments, and the above assumptions have to be applied.…”