“…Others pointed to a range of factors such as conflicts arising in learners home and work lives, their perception of the course design or pedagogy, the perceived usefulness of the material, or the learner's ability to manage time effectively (Eriksson et al, 2017;Hood et al, 2015;Wang & Baker, 2018). Several studies have found that the possession of certain personal characteristics such as goal orientation, grit, and time management had an impact on completion rates (Doo et al, 2021;Fellman et al, 2020;Gupta, 2021;Kroll & Reed, 2017). This work has given important insight into the broad trends of learner behavior in MOOCs, though questions still remain about how the learners describe their own course behavior and outcomes, particularly regarding when they choose to pay or audit the course for free, earn a certificate or not, and how they define completion.…”