An Ion ``Velocitron''

Cameron, A. E.; Eggers, D. F.

doi:10.1063/1.1741336

Cited by 161 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…17 The low resolution of the described system, reflecting in the low discrimination between the analytes (Hg + , Hg 2+ and Hg 3+ ions), did not reveal the attractiveness of the technique. Instruments offering a resolution above 50 and 100 were described in 1953 18 and 1955, 1 respectively.…”

Section: An Overview Of Analytical Applications Of Tof-ms Analyzersmentioning

confidence: 84%

An Overview of Analytical Applications of Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometric (TOF-MS) Analyzers and an Inductively Coupled Plasma-TOF-MS Technique

Balcerzak

2003

ANAL. SCI.

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Section: An Overview Of Analytical Applications Of Tof-ms Analyzersmentioning

confidence: 84%

An Overview of Analytical Applications of Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometric (TOF-MS) Analyzers and an Inductively Coupled Plasma-TOF-MS Technique

Balcerzak

2003

ANAL. SCI.

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“…Time-of-Flight (TOF) mass spectrometry was first proposed in 1948 [164] and is based on the fact that the acceleration of a charged particle in an electric field is proportional to the ratio of its charge q and its mass m. When the creation of ions is pulsed, the time it takes them to travel from their source to a detector can thus be correlated with this ratio. Typically, a TOF spectrometer consists of an acceleration region with a homogeneous electric field and a field free drift region towards an MCP detector with an anode.…”

Section: Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry: 1d Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resolving Strong Field Dynamics in Cation States of CO_2 via Optimised Molecular Alignment

Oppermann

2014

Springer Theses

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In this thesis, the role of the molecular structure in strong field induced processes in CO 2 is resolved by the use of optimised impulsive molecular alignment. Two processes were investigated: recollision induced ionisation and the dissociation of the molecular ion CO + 2 . Both processes are driven by the initial tunneling ionisation of CO 2 . Through the use of molecular alignment, the orbital symmetries of the involved molecular ionic states were resolved, revealing the internal molecular dynamics in the form of ionisation and excitation pathways.A novel data analysis procedure was developed to extract the alignment distribution and rotational temperature of the impulsively aligned molecular ensemble. This facilitated the optimisation of molecular alignment in mixed gas samples and was demonstrated for N 2 , O 2 and CO 2 seeded in Ar.The recollision induced or nonsequential double ionisation (NSDI) of CO 2 was then studied in the molecular frame. The process was fully characterised by measuring the shape of the recolliding electron wavepacket and the angularly resolved inelastic electronion recollision cross section. The results reveal the contribution from both the ionic ground and first excited state of CO + 2 to the NSDI mechanism. This study was extended to the strong field induced dissociation of impulsively aligned CO + 2 . It was found that dissociation is driven by a parallel dipole transition from the second excited ionic state B to the predissociating state C, whilst recollision excitation was shown to not play a role. The strong field induced coupling of the ionic states B and C could thus be controlled by the laser polarisation.The results obtained in this thesis further the understanding of population dynamics of cation states in strong field processes. This is of special interest for extending molecular strong field physics to the study of electronic degrees of freedom and their coupling to the nuclear motion. had hoped for in a research degree and I cannot thank Jon enough for making it such an enriching experience, both professionally and personally.

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“…This is simply given by the formula [44] p = au ex /2η, which, even for a thrust efficiency of unity, yields the exorbitant estimate of 5 kW/kg. Not surprisingly, a multiton interplanetary vehicle with such a propulsion system could not be deemed feasible.…”

Section: Era Of Pioneers: 1946-1956mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical History of Electric Propulsion: The First 50 Years (1906-1956)

Choueiri

2004

Journal of Propulsion and Power

151

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Nomenclature A= beam cross-sectional area a = vehicle acceleration i ≡ p/V = current per unit vehicle mass j = current density M v = vehicle masṡ m = propellant mass flow rate P = input electric power p ≡ P/M v = input electric power per unit vehicle mass T = thrust u ex = rocket exhaust velocity V = voltage η = thrust efficiency W HEN writing history, it is tempting to identify thematic periods in the often continuous stream of events under review and label them as "eras," or to point to certain achievements and call them "milestones." Keeping in mind that such demarcations and designations inevitably entail some arbitrariness, we shall not resist this temptation. Indeed, the history of electric propulsion (EP), which now spans almost a full century, particularly lends itself to a subdivision that epitomizes the progress of the field from its start as the dream realm of a few visionaries, to its transformation into the concern of large corporations. We shall therefore idealize the continuous history of the field as a series of five essentially consecutive eras:1) The Era of Visionaries: 1906Visionaries: -1945 2) The Era of Pioneers: 1946Pioneers: -1956 3) The Era of Diversification and Development: 1957-1979 4) The Era of Acceptance: 1980Acceptance: -1992 5) The Era of Application: 1993-present This is not to say that the latter eras were lacking in visionaries or pioneers, nor that EP was not used on spacecraft until 1993 or that important conceptual developments did not occur at all until the 1960s, but rather that there is a discernible character to the nature of EP-related exploration during these consecutive periods of EP's relatively long history. The preceding classification is intended to give a framework to our discussion, which will be useful for comprehending EP's peculiar and often checkered evolution [1]. The present paper, which represents the first installment of our historical review, deals with the first two eras, which correspond to the first 50 years of the history of the field. What makes the history of EP a bit unlike that of most aerospace technologies is that despite EP's recent, albeit belated, acceptance by the spacecraft community, it still has not been used for the application originally foreseen in the dreams of its earliest forefathers, namely, the systematic human exploration of the planets. The irony of still falling short of that exalted goal while much ingenuity has been expended on inventing, evolving, and diversifying EP concepts can be attributed to two problems that were likely unforeseeable to even the most prescient of the early originators. Edgar Choueiri is Director of Princeton University's Electric Propulsion and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory and Director of Princeton's Engineering Physics Program. He is Associate Professor in Applied Physics at the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of Princeton University and Associated Faculty at the Department of Astrophysical Sciences (Program in Plasma PhysicsThe first problem is EP's decades-long role as the techn...

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An Ion ``Velocitron''

Cited by 161 publications

References 0 publications

An Overview of Analytical Applications of Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometric (TOF-MS) Analyzers and an Inductively Coupled Plasma-TOF-MS Technique

An Overview of Analytical Applications of Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometric (TOF-MS) Analyzers and an Inductively Coupled Plasma-TOF-MS Technique

Resolving Strong Field Dynamics in Cation States of CO_2 via Optimised Molecular Alignment

A Critical History of Electric Propulsion: The First 50 Years (1906-1956)

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