“…Earlier publications addressed detection of nucleic acid of infectious agents using voltammetric, amperometric and impedance electrochemical approaches (Hassen et al, 2008;Pournaghu-Azar et al, 2008;Cash et al, 2009;Benvidi et al, 2015). Notably, DNA hybridization biosensors based on electrochemical spectroscopy impedance (EIS) are being developed in both label-free formats and label-based approaches using mostly gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and cadmium sulfide quantum dot (CdS QD) as tags (Wang et al, 2002 and2003;Xu et al, 2004;Pumera et al, 2005;Bonanni et al, 2008;Rasheed and Sandhyarani, 2017 ;Ribovski et al, 2017) also employing other nanomaterials (Wang et al, 2003;De la Escosura-Muñiz and Merkoçi, 2010;Merkoçi, 2010;De la Escosura-Muñiz and Merkoçi, 2014;Mayorga-Martinez et al, 2015;De la Escosura-Muñiz et al, 2016). Modification of electrode surface for immobilization of biorecognition receptor (i.e.…”