“…Some scholars proposed models to reflect the pre-peak hardening nonlinear behaviour of rock based on elastoplastic theory (Feng and Liu, 1996; Makhnenko and Labuz, 2015; Siddiquee and Hamdi, 2019; Wang et al., 2018, 2020; Xu, 2021; Zheng et al., 2022d). To characterize the post-peak softening of rock, some scholars have systematically studied mechanical behaviour of rock using macroscopic and microscopic mechanics and established some elastoplastic damage constitutive models (Bikong et al., 2015; Feng et al., 2004; Feng and Yu, 2010; Ju, 1989, 1990; Kim and Lee, 2011; Qu, 2021; Shao and Rudnicki, 2000; Wang and Ma, 2022; Zhang, 2022; Zhao et al., 2018; Zheng et al., 2022c). At present, there are only a few reports on the models that reflect the brittle–ductile behaviours of rock (Lubarda et al., 1996; Saksala and Ibrahimbegovic, 2014; Wang et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2023), and these models only consider the influence of σ 3 on the brittle–ductile behaviour of rocks under conventional triaxial compression but cannot reflect the influence of σ 2 on the post-peak brittle–ductile behaviours of rock under true triaxial compression.…”