An MF59-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine containing A/Panama/1999 (H3N2) induced broader serological protection against heterovariant influenza virus strain A/Fujian/2002 than a subunit and a split influenza vaccine

Quantitative review of antibody response to inactivated seasonal influenza vaccines

“…We identified 60 eligible articles published between 1987 and 2006 describing inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine immunogenicity studies conducted in the United States, Canada, Europe, Israel, and Russia 10 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 . We included 129 independent study arms of which 119 reported data on response to A/H1N1, 109 on influenza B, and 108 on A/H3N2 vaccine strains (Table 1).…”

Immunogenicity of intramuscular MF59-adjuvanted and intradermal administered influenza enhanced vaccines in subjects aged over 60: A literature review

“…Table 3 reports data demonstrating that IM-MF59-adjuvanted and ID vaccines have been found reproducibly to confer cross-reactivity against drifted virus strains in the elderly patients aged 60. 35,37,40,42,43,46,49,55,[57][58][59] HI antibody responses against A/H3N2 co-circulating during the winter period studied 37,57,58 and A/H3N2 strains recommended as vaccine component for previous or forthcoming winter seasons 35,40,43,46,49,55 were found to fulfill in most instances all the 3 or at least 2 EMA immunogenicity criteria both after IM-MF59 35,37,40,43,46,49,55 or ID 57,58 vaccine administration. Similar results were obtained studying antibody responses induced by IM-MF59 40,43,55 or ID 59 vaccines against A/H1N1 chosen as vaccine strain for forthcoming winter season 40,43,55 or A/H1N1 circulating among the population.…”

“…4,30,31,35, These studies recruited subjects who would normally be candidates for routine seasonal influenza vaccination and the strain composition of the influenza vaccines used conformed to the yearly requirements of the World Health Organization. The population consisted of elderly subjects with and without underlying diseases, 30,35,[37][38][39][40][41][42]56,57 with unknown health status [43][44][45][46][47][48] or healthy. 4,31,[49][50][51][52][53][54][55] No sub-analyses were conducted to evaluate potential differences in the outcome between these groups.…”

“…One of the studies evaluated the results over a period of 3 winter seasons. 51 Three trials examined responses against A/ H3N2 strain only 35,37,46 and one against B strain only. 42 The results of 13 clinical trials, representing an integrated development program of the manufacture, for a total of 2012 subjects vaccinated with IM-MF59 and 1498 with a comparator nonadjuvanted vaccine, reported in 2 meta-analyses 26,27 were not considered since results were reported as pooled analyses and expressed as IM-MF59 to comparator ratio.…”

MF59®‐adjuvanted vaccines for seasonal and pandemic influenza prophylaxis

“…The small changes in the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes that occur during antigenic drift are sufficient to hinder the match between the strains recommended by WHO for inclusion in the vaccine formulation and circulating viruses, which can, in turn, reduce the immune response to vaccination 3 , 4 , 5 . In elderly subjects, seroprotection rates as low as 20% against drifted viruses have been reported, often failing to meet Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) criteria for seroprotection and seroconversion against drifted strains 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 . Consequently, influenza vaccines that confer cross‐reactive immunogenicity are needed for seasonal use to address the problem of reduced efficacy in years where antigenic mismatch occurs.…”