An MMPI Subscale (Gd): To Identify Males with Gender Identity Conflicts

Althof, Stanley E.; Lothstein, Leslie M.; Jones, Paul Christian; Shen, John Paul

doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4701_5

Cited by 23 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…(1) A scale for the differentiation of patients types in terms of fetishism and gender dysphoria had to be developed for this analysis because (a) while a validated fetishism scale does exist (Blanchard, 1989), it was not administered to a sufficient number of participants in the current study, and (b) the Gender Dysphoria subscale of the MMPI (Althof, Lothstein, Jones, & Shen, 1983) has been demonstrated to be inefficient (Langevin, Majpruz & Handy, 1990). …”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Types of Heterosexual Gender Identity Disorder

Freund¹,

Watson²,

Dickey³

1991

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

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The rationale for dividing the clinical spectrum of DSM-III-R male heterosexual gender identity disorder into three types was examined. The DSM-III-R category of fetishism for female attire, was included in the analysis.There were 266 male participants divided into three groups: 172 fetishists for female attire or gender identity patients, 52 androphiles, and 42 gynephiles. A 16 item questionnaire was used to examine the groups. A three factor scale ("Fetishism", "Gender Dysphoria" and "Androphilia") was derived from the questionnaire. Only the Gender Dysphoria Factor Scale successfully differentiated between all four conditions, supporting the notion that the three types of gender identity disorder represent a continuum of degree of severity of gender dysphoria. Defining two of the three types of gender identity disorder in terms of the patients' self-reports on fetishism, as DSM-III-R does, is therefore unnecessary.adolescence or adulthood, non-transsexual type (GIDAANT); and transsexualism. These types were formulated on the basis of broad clinical experience, but until now the rationale for this division had not been formally tested. The present study conducted such a test and included, for reasons which will become evident later on, fetishism for female attire, also as defined by DSM-III-R A DSM-III-R essential characteristic of &dquo;transvestic fetishism&dquo; is &dquo;recurrent, intense, sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies of at least six months duration, involving cross-dressing&dquo; (p.288). These sexually arousing fantasies clearly indicate the presence of fetishism. Conversely, a feature of GIDAANT is that &dquo;cross-dressing is not for the purpose of sexual excitement&dquo; (p. 76). Further, GIDAANT is without the presence of the diagnostic criteria for transsexualism as there is &dquo;no persistent preoccupation ... with getting rid of one's primary and secondary sex characteristics and acquiring the sex characteristics of the other sex&dquo; (p. 76).The differential diagnosis between fetishistic transvestism and GIDAANT has obviously been based on the self-reports of gender identity disorder patients as to the degree of their fetishism. However, self-reports of fetishism in patients of this sort should not be considered sufficiently reliable to be used in defining the types of this disorder. Playing down or denying fetishism is typical of a majority of these patients (Blanchard, 1988; Blanchard, Clemenssen, & Steiner, 1985; Blanchard, Racansky, & Steiner, 1986); they apparently want their transvestism to be viewed as resulting from a genuine psychological femaleness. However, this is not to say that these patients' self-reports of fetishism are of no use and should therefore be ignored.Self-reports about discontentment with gender appear to better serve the purpose of defining the types of heterosexual gender identity disorder. This is because: (a) This kind of self-report information is more directly connected to the patient's state than self-reports on fetishism. The more dysphoric t...

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Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Types of Heterosexual Gender Identity Disorder

Freund¹,

Watson²,

Dickey³

1991

Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment

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“…Gender-identity confusion was measured using the Althof and Lothstein's (1983) scale which identifies males with gender-identity conflicts, e.g., I like adventure stories more than romantic stories, I often wished I were a girl. Bem's (1974) inventory was used to measure gender-role perceptions (i.e.…”

Section: Understanding the Metrosexual And Spornosexualmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the metrosexual and spornosexual as a segment for retailers

Mitchell

Lodhia

2017

IJRDM

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Purpose With retailers selling products to and even opening stores for metrosexuals, they are now well recognised in many western countries; however, market sizing, measurement and understanding their psychology remain understudied. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise and operationalise the metrosexual lifestyle and examine a number of its psychological correlates. Design/methodology/approach Using a survey with two samples, a scale is developed to measure metrosexuality and validated using structural equation modelling. Findings Metrosexuality was found to have three dimensions: trendiness, concern with appearance, and use of grooming practices, while its antecedents of gender-identity confusion and narcissism are mediated by masculinity and vanity. Metrosexuality is associated with lower levels of masculinity, but not with increased femininity and is slightly associated with homosexual orientation. Research limitations/implications One of the theoretical implications of the new metrosexuality scale is that it may be incorporated in the general theories of lifestyle and consumption, extended self-concept as well as aesthetic motivations of consumption. Practical implications On a practical level, a scale to measure their metrosexuality can be used to help retailers to measure and track the size for forecasting and targeting purposes as well as allowing retailers to better design environments and products for this market. Originality/value No study has previously attempted to devise a scale to measure metrosexuality nor seek to establish if there is any psychological substance behind the media hype by looking quantitatively at its psychological antecedents. This study is the first to define, measure and validate a scale for metrosexuality and contributes to an understanding of individuals who are an increasing part of society.

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“…Furthermore, standardized psychiatric instruments and statistical analyses have rarely been applied to samples of TS patients. Many reports are casuistic or have serious methodological¯aws, such as selection bias and the lack of control groups, although notable exceptions exist (11). A recent Swedish study found that the ego-strength of TS patients was equal to normal controls', while patients with other gender identity disorders showed a signi®cantly weaker ego-strength than the controls (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%