“…Therefore, the actual extent of flood disasters can be either under-or over-estimated. Remote sensing technology appears to be one of the most effective and fastest ways for observing and providing information on flood inundation extent and damage assessment over a wide area in a cost-effective manner, especially, radar remote sensing sensors, such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which have the advantages of penetrating clouds and, to some extent, rainfall of microwave electromagnetic signals, and can capture and provide users with clear views of the inundation extent [4,18,19]. However, the number of radar remote sensing satellites is limited, and their images are commonly expensive and unavailable for public use.…”