An objective evaluation of counseling.

A client-centered approach to vocational counseling.

“…This criterion of client feeling tone, it was felt, was compatible with the client-centered approach in counseling. Other criteria such as stability of vocational choice and improvement in grades have been used in other studies [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11]. Although these are desirable outcomes of the counseling process, it was felt that evaluating the effectiveness of counseling in terms of the client's frame of reference had been neglected in previous studies.…”

Effects of clinical counseling on college achievement.

“…Some studies have shown that counseled students tend to earn better marks than noncounseled students (Blackwell, 1946;Ivey, 1962;Kirchheimer et al, 1949), while others have not found significant dif-ferences (Kaess & Long, 1954;Richardson, 1964). Goodstein (1967) found that significant increases in grade point average as a result of counseling did not continue beyond one or two quarters after counseling.…”

“…During the past 30 years, a number of studies have evaluated the effects of individual counseling in college. Investigators were concerned with vocational and educational guidance (Blackwell, 1946;Ivey, 1962;Kaess & Long, 1954;Kirchheimer, Axelrod, & Hickerson, 1949), while clinical counseling or therapeutically oriented personal counseling as opposed to educational and vocational counseling remained an illdefined and unevaluated ancillary educational service. Although brief counseling is not to be equated with psychotherapy, the initial impact of beginning to focus upon oneself in a therapeutically oriented manner can enhance development of previously unused potentials.…”

“…As pointed out by Ivey (1962), problems of sampling, control, and inadequate criteria for denning the success of counseling have made it difficult to demonstrate conclusively the effects of counseling and whether or not counseling actually makes a difference. Many previous studies did not specify the frequency of counseling conferences and other studies considered one such contact to constitute counseling (Ivey, 1962;Kaess & Long, 1954;Kirchheimer et al, 1949).…”

The academic performance of students counseled at a university counseling service.

“…Several studies have shown that counseled students tend to earn better marks than noncounseled students (Blackwell, 1946;Kirchheimer, Axelrod, and Hickerson, 1949;Rothney and Roens, 1950;Ward and Tyler, 1947;and Williamson and Bordin, 1940). Others have found better performance among counseled students as measured by the criterion of graduation from college (Faries, 1955;Toven, 1945;and Watson, 1961).…”