“…A strand of literature that focuses on the eects of smoking on public health outcomes nds that smoking reduction, particularly due to increases in cigarette prices and taxes, lead to an increased life expectancy and improved birth and infant health outcomes (Evans and Ringel, 1999;Markowitz, 2008;Markowitz et al, 2013;Simon, 2016). Similarly, several studies consistently suggest smoking as a risk factor contributing to motor vehicle collision (Brison, 1990;Christie, 1991;Violanti and Marshall, 1996;Stutts et al, 2001;Mangiaracina and Palumbo, 2006;Young, Regan and Hammer, 2007;Prat et al, 2015;Lansdown, Stephens and Walker, 2015;Sullman, Prat and Tasci, 2015).…”