An Observational Study of Entraining Convection using Balloon-Borne Turbulence Probes and High-Power Doppler Radar

Observational Study on the Atmospheric Mixed Layer and Transition Layer Structures Using a Mie Lidar

“…The recordings such as shown in Fig. 10 were reported previously, for example, by Rayment and Readings (1974) and Palmer et al (1979). Farmer (1975) also presented the same results for the oceanic mixed layer deepening.…”

“…As Rayment and Readings (1974) and Palmer et al (1979) pointed out by their observations using large kitoons that organized structures are seen in the transition layer and that convective cells and the upper stable layer interact each other. This means that simple statistical treatment is not as effective in this case as in the mixed layer, but it is required to grasp the spatial structures.…”

The effect of grid resolution upon the numerical modelling of the convective boundary layer

“…The development and structure of the daytime convective boundary layer over land has been described in detail by a number of workers, both observational (e.g., Kaimal et al, 1976;Hicks, 1976;Caughey and Palmer, 1979;Palmer et QI., 1979) and from an analytical or modelling viewpoint. Thus inversion processes such as entrainment have been examined or parametrized by Carson (1973), Tennekes (1973), Kraus and Schaller (1978), Kamada (1985) and Tennekes and Driedonks (1981) (which includes a short bibliography), to name just a few.…”

“…The structure is we11 understood -buoyant convection leads to a vertically well-mixed boundary layer with roughly uniform potential temperature and little wind shear above a narrow Iayer near the surface (the surface layer). The mixed layer is capped by a temperature inversion characterised by rather complicated eddy motions (Palmer et al, 1979) ranging from fully turbulent but slightly stable conditions below the inversion, through an intermittently turbulent inversion layer to the non-turbulent air above, penetrated only by isolated plumes. Wave propagation may occur at and above the inversion (Zhou et al, 198.5;Kuettner er al., 1987).…”

“…Warm air from above is entrained into the mixed layer at the expense of turbulent energy, giving the typical profiles of potential temperature and heat flux illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 (from Deardotff, 1974,) and Figure 3 (from Caughey and Palmer, 1979). This type of boundary layer is one of many classes of flow which need to be described in NWP's.…”