“…The study of grippers in service robots using smart actuation materials and flexible jaws has recently attracted increasing interest (Sriskandarajah and Shetty, 2018; Zhang et al , 2020a; Shintake et al , 2018; Rodrigue et al , 2017; Li et al , 2021). Compared with traditional rigid grippers actuated by electric motors (S and R, 2018), pneumatic (Walker et al , 2020; Zhong et al , 2019; Zhong et al , 2021) and electrohydraulic (Park et al , 2020), etc., the flexible grippers actuated by smart materials are smaller, more adaptable and safer to better interact with unstructured environments and can perform tasks with more postures (Yoon, 2019; Shintake et al , 2018; Ogawa et al , 2022; Wang et al , 2022; Cardin-Catalan et al , 2022; Pi et al , 2021). Service robot grippers usually need to actively grasp objects to avoid falling during the grasping process and can adapt to various shapes of objects well (Zhang et al , 2020b; Wang et al , 2021; Zhang et al , 2022a, 2022b).…”