An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: Impacts on drivers’ visual behavior and braking performance

Harbluk, Joanne L.; Noy, Y. Ian; Trbovich, Patricia; Eizenman, Moshe

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.013

Cited by 427 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Additionally, research on driver gaze patterns has found that drivers do not spend much time looking at their instruments. For example Harbluk et al (2007) found that their subjects only devoted around 1.5% of their time gazing at their instruments, and that this significantly reduces to around .6% of their time when placed under cognitive load. This means that at other times drivers are likely to be relying on their own perception of the speed from the environment around them, much as they had to in this experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed maintenance under cognitive load – Implications for theories of driver behaviour

Lewis-Evans

Waard

Brookhuis

2011

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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No model of driver behaviour has yet managed to achieve widespread acceptance and use in the field of traffic psychology, par tly due to the difficulty in testing many of the theories. However, one class of theories, the motivational theories, can be usefully split into two groups, and the differences between them can then be examined. One group posits the constant monitoring and targeting of a cer tain subjective variable, often risk, as the controlling factor in driving. The other group however states that subjective variables such as risk are only relevant once a cer tain threshold has been passed.In this study we aimed to examine this difference by manipulating both speed of travel and the amount of cognitive load par ticipants were under. Par ticipants were asked to initially drive at their preferred speed for 1 minute in a driving simulator. Par ticipants' speed was then automatically increased or decreased by 10, 20, 30 km/h or left unchanged. Par ticipants were then required to maintain the new speed for 1 minute. After this 1 minute, the speed was again automatically changed and had to be maintained for one more minute, but this time par ticipants also carried out a secondary mental arithmetic task. Finally, par ticipants were asked to again drive for another 1 minute at their preferred speed. This procedure was repeated seven times, once for each speed manipulation; -30, -20, -10, +0, +10, +20 and +30 km/h. After each 1 minute interval, verbal ratings of task difficulty, effor t, feeling of risk, and the typicality of the speed, were collectedThe results show a threshold effect in ratings of task difficulty, effor t and feeling of risk, with no significant difference given between the ratings during the baseline period and the experimentally decreased speed periods until after par ticipant's preferred speed of travel had been exceeded. Fur thermore, even when under cognitive load the threshold relationship was still apparent, if somewhat diminished. Finally, it appears that when under cognitive load drivers have difficulty maintaining a travelling speed which is lower than the speed at which they would prefer to drive. However, driving at a speed in excess of their preferred speed appears to be easier to maintain, at least in the shor t term. 3Speed maintenance under cognitive load -Implications for theories of driver behaviour

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed maintenance under cognitive load – Implications for theories of driver behaviour

Lewis-Evans

Waard

Brookhuis

2011

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…Cognitive distraction can adversely affect driving behavior -e.g. drivers spend less time looking to the periphery, checking instruments, mirrors or traffic lights, and also apply hard braking more frequently when distracted [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

QUIET PLEASE! Effect of distraction on simulated posterior segment surgical performance

McGowan¹,

Jawaheer²,

Young

et al. 2018

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Purpose To determine the effect of distraction on posterior segment surgical performance using a virtual reality simulator in expert and novice ophthalmic surgeons. Methods Twenty subjects were given 6 min to read an unpublished research paper and then were randomized into two groups. Group 1 subjects were allowed 3 min to complete a standardized vitreoretinal simulated task undistracted. Group 2 subjects were asked six questions on the research paper whilst completing the same task. Each subject then performed the alternate scenario. Finally, all participants were asked six questions on the research paper whilst not operating. Results There was no evidence of a difference in the odometer values (p = 0.127), cognitive task score (p = 0.390) or overall surgical task scores (p = 0.113) between the two groups. The time taken by the distracted group was significantly greater (95% CI −26.03 to −1.67, t-test p = 0.028). Conclusion Distraction significantly increases the time taken to perform a simulated vitreoretinal surgical task for all grades of surgeon. More studies are required to understand the impact on different types of distraction on surgical performance.

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“…Whilst it has been suggested that drivers might have up to 50% spare attentional capacity when driving (Hughes and Cole, 1986), visual competition in driving is already high, and is a crucial factor in driving performance (e.g., Antin, 1993). With the proliferation of IVIS and similar nomadic devices, many authors have expressed their concerns about the potential distraction or overload which such devices may cause (Donmez et al, 2007;Harbluk et al, 2007;Horberry et al, 2006). Performance problems may be especially pronounced if workload is already high (e.g., in urban driving; Liu and Lee, 2006) or if the driver has a lower capacity to respond (e.g., in the elderly; May et al, 2005;Sixsmith and Sixsmith, 1993).…”

Section: In-vehicle Information Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe driving in a green world: A review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support ‘smart’ driving

2011

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Road transport is a significant source of both safety and environmental concerns.With climate change and fuel prices increasingly prominent on social and political agendas, many drivers are turning their thoughts to fuelenvironmentally friendly) driving practices. Many vehicle manufacturers are satisfying this demand by offering green driving feedback or advice tools. However, there is a legitimate concern regarding the effects of such devices on road safety both from the point of view of change in driving styles, as well as potential distraction caused by the in-vehicle feedback. In this paper, we appraise the benchmarks for safe and green driving, concluding that whilst they largely overlap, there are some specific circumstances in which the goals are in conflict. We go on to review current and emerging in-vehicle information systems which purport to affect safe and/or green driving, and discuss some fundamental ergonomics principles for the design of such devices. The results of the review are being used in the Foot-LITE project, aimed at that is safe and green driving.

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An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: Impacts on drivers’ visual behavior and braking performance

Cited by 427 publications

References 22 publications

Speed maintenance under cognitive load – Implications for theories of driver behaviour

Speed maintenance under cognitive load – Implications for theories of driver behaviour

QUIET PLEASE! Effect of distraction on simulated posterior segment surgical performance

Safe driving in a green world: A review of driver performance benchmarks and technologies to support ‘smart’ driving

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