“…• Erkoyuncu et al [22] adopted the ontology approach in their shared language architecture in the development of adaptive DTs. • Nordahl et al [23] in the context of FMI (Functional Mock-up Interface) standard in cosimulations, introduced the key idea of building ontologies based on existing ontologies in a hierarchical structure for their DT. • Blaj et al [24] used the ontology approach to simplify the data management and stakeholders interoperability in the scenario of a DT in logistics.…”