An Operational Approach to Maritime Cyber Resilience

Erstad, Erlend; Ostnes, Runar; Lund, Mass Soldal

doi:10.12716/1001.15.01.01

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, the crew must be trained in handling emergency situations themselves since a rescue team can be very far away or not able to reach them at all. Because of this, the rules and regulations emphasize the importance of executing frequent risk assessments, training scenarios, and drilling exercises on board [28], [81], [82]. However, until recently, there has been a lack of focus from legislation on assessing and training to handle cyber risks on vessels [2], [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have no indications that the situation should be any different in the maritime domain, and the SLR also indicates that not much research has been conducted within human factors and maritime cyber security. This motivates research that gives the onboard crew the attention they deserve regarding this topic [11], [28]. This paper is a start on such work, where an established model for the human side of cyber security (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increase in connectivity and the technical development creates rapid changes in the maritime working environment and introduces new cyber vulnerabilities [5]. Therefore, it is important to make sure that the humans are kept in the loop [28]. To achieve this, one important aspect might be to understand how the crew is perceiving cyber risks towards the onboard systems, and what dimensions that affect these perceptions [29], [30].…”

Section: Background a Maritime Cyber Security And Cyber Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyber Risk Perception in the Maritime Domain: A Systematic Literature Review

Larsen¹,

Lund

2021

IEEE Access

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This paper aims to present an approach to investigate cyber risk perception with use of recognized psychological models, and to give an overview of state-of-the-art research within the field of cyber risk perception in general and in the context of the maritime domain. The focus will be on determinative dimensions within the psychometric paradigm and cognitive biases, and to give recommendations on further research within these fields. Okoli and Schabram's eight-step guide to plan, select, extract, and execute a systematic literature review is used as guidance. The search process resulted in 25 relevant articles which describes 24 dimensions of cyber risk perception in different online environments. Research within the area of maritime cyber security is increasing, however, no studies relevant for our literature review were found within the maritime domain. The nine dimensions in the psychometric model, perceived benefit and the optimistic bias is presented and discussed in a maritime context. Cyber risk perception is a complex research-area where both determinative factors and other cognitive processes can be influenced by each other. This can indicate that the dimensions differ across populations and professions, creating grounds for why context-specific studies are important. Further research may benefit from more multidisciplinary, descriptive, and inductive approaches, and contextual studies within maritime cyber risk perception can contribute to develop targeted tools for risk mitigation to enhance safety at sea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background a Maritime Cyber Security And Cyber Risksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyber Risk Perception in the Maritime Domain: A Systematic Literature Review

Larsen¹,

Lund

2021

IEEE Access

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“…Recent research argued for "maritime cyber resilience," where a system can anticipate, withstand, and recover from a cyber threat with minimum downtime. 16 The convergence of OT/ICS, IT, and always-connected communications technology in the maritime domain means maritime domain leaders cannot ignore cyber threats.…”

Section: Journal Of Advanced Military Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Like the Sea, So Cyberspace: A Brief Exploration of Establishing Norms through a Maritime Lens

Howard¹,

Cruz²

2022

JAMS

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This article compares the history of establishing maritime laws, norms, customs, and standards of conduct with the rise of cyberspace as an artificial domain akin to a digital sea. A brief history of how humanity established enduring norms and standards at sea is described, followed by a comparative analysis of the world’s physical maritime domain to digital cyberspace. Recommendations are made for contextualizing cyber threats and policy issues within a naval framework. Finally, the authors offer some brief conclusions.

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“…Maritime navigators use such control systems to determine the position of the ship, to keep clear of hazardous waters and avoid dangerous situations. Correct navigation is thus necessary for the ship's safety, and the navigator is at the sharp end of the operation (Erstad et al, 2021). Modern navigation is performed swiftly and automatically using an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS), instead of paper charts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating through Cyber Threats, A Maritime Navigator’s Experience

Erstad¹,

Lund²,

Ostnes³

2022

Human Factors in Cybersecurity

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Cyber threats are emerging as a risk in the maritime industry. If the navigational systems on board a ship somehow fail to function because of a cyber incident, the navigator is an important asset who is expected to handle the problem and provide a solution to maintain the safety of the crew, the vessel, and the environment. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) urges the shipping industry to be resilient towards cyber threats. To facilitate for enhanced operational maritime cyber resilience, there is a need to understand how navigators interpret cyber threats, which can be essential to safely conduct nautical operations. This paper presents a qualitative study of navigators’ understanding of cyber threats based on interviews with ten navigators, and further provides recommendations for how use of this knowledge can contribute to enhanced maritime cyber resilience.

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An Operational Approach to Maritime Cyber Resilience

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Cyber Risk Perception in the Maritime Domain: A Systematic Literature Review

Cyber Risk Perception in the Maritime Domain: A Systematic Literature Review

Like the Sea, So Cyberspace: A Brief Exploration of Establishing Norms through a Maritime Lens

Navigating through Cyber Threats, A Maritime Navigator’s Experience

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