An opportunity to incentivize innovation to increase vaccine safety in the United States by improving vaccine delivery using vaccine patches

Abstract

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Review of Poliovirus Transmission and Economic Modeling to Support Global Polio Eradication: 2020–2024

“…This section begins with a brief overview of each of the 102 studies identified by the search process summarized in Figure 1 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ,…”

“…In 2020, KRI published reviews on several topics, including the prior review of modeling studies [ 1 ], potential use of vaccine patches for immunization, including IPV [ 2 ], and the performance of the United States Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP): 1988–2019 [ 3 ], which highlighted VAPP risks as a key motivation for VICP establishment. KRI also published a commentary related to incentives for developing vaccine patches [ 4 ] and an economic analysis related to developing better defaults for valuing health outcomes based on health opportunity costs [ 5 ].…”

“…In addition, it would be very difficult to sustain current funding levels for more than 24-36 months, a crucial point for those polio-free countries that would need to continue holding national immunization days beyond the target date to assure freedom from wild poliovirus" June-2002 "SAGE reaffirms the importance of the substantial programme of work now devoted to the development of polio immunization policy for the post-certification era. The immediate focus of this policy work should be in evaluating the feasibility of eventually stopping the routine use of oral polio-vaccine (OPV) worldwide" "SAGE recommends that the framework be supplemented by: [1] a peer review of the estimated burden of VAPP, cVDPV, and iVDPV; [2] a geopolitical/cultural understanding of how the 'perceived risks' that can not be answered by the scientific research agenda alone (e.g., bioterrorism, VAPP) may affect the post-certification policy in OPV-using countries; [3] an economic assessment of the various options; and [4] the completion of the research agenda to better define the risks in the post-certification era and the strengths and weaknesses of the risk management strategies" June-2004 "SAGE recommended that, to assist its deliberations on post-OPV immunization policy, WHO should keep it fully informed of: all related policy decisions made by the oversight groups responsible for other aspects of the OPV cessation work (i.e. the Ad-hoc Advisory Committee on Polio Eradication, the Global Commission on Certification of Polio Eradication, the Biosafety Advisory Group); the evolving understanding of the nature and magnitude of the risks of circulating polioviruses following interruption of wild poliovirus transmission and OPV cessation; and the outcomes of the continuing work to model these risks over time.…”

Safety Improvement of Sustainable Coal Transportation in Mines: A Contract Design Perspective

“…Safety incentives can be effectively used to improve people's safety awareness and prevent people from performing unsafe behaviors [34]. Safety incentives have been proven effective in many process management areas, such as oil mining [35,36], manufacturing [37,38], construction [39,40], transportation [41], food [42], and vaccines [43].…”