“…Regarding the control principle, energy management strategies have been classified as rule-based strategies and optimization-based strategies. The former, such as the charge-depleting and charge-sustaining (CD-CS) control strategy, has always been an industry approach due to a simple implementation on real vehicles, 3 and the latter is mainstream to be studied by scholars. As a benchmark, dynamic programming (DP) is a global optimization-based EMS therein.…”