balanced load using lossless passive elements in a three-phase supply system. This concept was later on extended in many directions such as balancing of three-phase unbalanced loads, power factor correction at the supply system, compensation of negative-sequence and zero-sequence currents, and voltage regulation. It has become quite important and relevant because in practice there are many single-phase and unbalanced loads such as traction, metros, furnaces, residential, and commercial loads. There are many methods to implement these compensators in practice for improving power quality, especially voltage quality, for the consumers nearby the fluctuating loads such as arc furnaces. Since these compensators are simple, cost effective, and easily realizable in practice, they are still used in large power rating. The chronological development of the passive compensation technology, popularly known as classical load compensation, has led to many concepts, theories, and design formulations in the past. Some of these derived mathematical formulations have become reasonably important as the basic framework for the design of these compensators. This chapter illustrates these concepts of load compensation with suitable formulations and numerical examples that are expected to meet the requirements of the design and practice engineers.
Classification of Passive Shunt and Series CompensatorsThe passive compensators can be classified based on the topology and the number of phases. The topology can be shunt, series, or a combination of both. The other classification is based on the number of phases, such as two-wire (single-phase) and three-or four-wire (three-phase) systems.
Topology-Based ClassificationThe passive compensators can be classified based on the topology, for example, series, shunt, or hybrid compensators. Figure 3.1 shows the examples of basic series, shunt, and hybrid compensators. Passive series compensators have limited applications in distribution systems as they affect the performance of the loads to a great extent and have resonance problems. The passive series compensators are used in transmission systems to improve power transfer capability, of course, with restricted capacity to avoid series resonance. The passive series compensators arealsousedinstand-alone self-excited induction generators for improving the voltage profile and enhancing the stability. In majority of the cases, mainly shunt compensators are used in practice as they are connected in parallel to the loads and do not disturb the operation of the loads. These are mainly used at the load end. So, current-based compensation is used at the load end. These inject equal compensating currents, opposite in phase, to cancel reactive power components of the load current for power factor correction at the point of connection. The passive shunt compensators are also used for voltage regulation and load balancing at the load end. These are also used as static VAR generators in the power system network for stabilizing and improving the voltage profile....