An Optimized Byzantine Fault Tolerance Algorithm for Consortium Blockchain

BlockNet: Beyond reliable spatial Digital Twins to Parallel Metaverse

“… 21 To combine Blockchain with Digital Twins to achieve secure data mapping, we conducted in-depth investigations on the Blockchain consensus algorithm and its coupling with Big Data and the Internet of Things. 22 , 23 , 24 These preliminary studies prompted us to propose the concept of BlockNet based on Blockchain technology, i.e., replacing the chain structure with the network structure to store the hash geocoded spatial information and passing the hash coded block information to the next block for sprawling gene propagation to ultimately achieve the secure storage and mapping of spatial data. However, in previous studies traditional Blockchain was used for storing multidimensional information, which cannot accurately represent the relative position information; this major issue can be effectively solved through BlockNet.…”

Activated Carbon/Bentonite/Fe3O4 as Novel Nanobiocomposite for High Removal of Cr(VI) Ions

“…where K F and n are the Freundlich constants. For 1 < n < 10, the uptake process will be favorable and physical 41, 42. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) ions using the AC/bentonite/magnetite nanocomposite was studied and the outcomes are presented in Tab.…”

Blockchain Consensus Mechanism Based on Improved Distributed Consistency and Hash Entropy

“…It is mainly for some distributed blockchain systems. For example, the Paxos algorithm is mainly designed for the collapsed nodes that may appear in the network; Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) [16,21] algorithm can tolerate a certain Byzantine Error node.…”

“…In terms of security, the problems faced by alliance chain and private chain systems are mainly Byzantine fault tolerance [15], which requires that the number of malicious nodes in the network should be less than 1/3 of the total number of nodes. In addition, a large number of improved consensus algorithms have been proposed to solve the efficiency and security problems of transaction verification in the blockchain system, including the proof of space (PoSp) [16], the authorized Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm [17], hash graph and hierarchical consensus algorithm [18], etc. e core idea of PoSp is to determine the probability of obtaining the accounting right by proving the amount of data stored by the node, so as to solve the waste of computing resources and improve the verification efficiency.…”

“…However, there is a potential 51% attack on storage space. erefore, Hashgraph and HashNet algorithms are mainly aimed at Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) blockchain system [16]. Hashgraph uses Gossip communication protocol and Byzantine protocol of virtual voting to realize transaction consensus.…”