An Organic Pigment as a High‐Performance Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

From an Enhanced Understanding to Commercially Viable Electrodes: The Case of PTCLi4 as Sustainable Organic Lithium‐Ion Anode Material

“…[28,30] As these latter characteristics are eventually more important for practical battery applications than short-term available higher specific capacities, we have selected tetra-lithium perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate (PTCLi 4 ) as model compound for our investigation of the lithium reaction mechanism and the impact of the utilized conductive additive. In fact, from the practical point of view, PTCLi 4 has the additional advantage of being easily synthesized in a one-pot hydrolysis/lithiation reaction using 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) also considered as organic cathode material [31][32][33] as low-cost, commercially available precursor. [28] Following a detailed solidstate nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of the synthesized PTCLi 4 , clarifying some misinterpretation in current literature, we have performed an in-depth investigation of PTCLi 4 as potential lithium-ion anode material with a particular focus on the understanding of the (de-)lithiation mechanism by carrying out a series of electrochemical experiments, using different characterization techniques and electrode compositions.…”

Multistage redox reactions of conductive-polymer nanostructures with lithium ions: potential for high-performance organic anodes

“…A variety of high-performance anodes based on organic materials has been reported in previous works (Tables S1, S2 and Figure S9 in the Supplementary Information) [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] . Although a high specific capacity was reported for organic anodes based on low-molecular-weight compounds (Table S1 in the Supplementary Information) 41-51 , their cycle stability was not studied and determined.…”

“…At potentials lower than 1.0 V vs. Li/Li + , a redox reaction with the charge and discharge of multiple Li + ions was reported for a π-conjugated system with carboxy substituents [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] . Although a high specific capacity was found with low-molecular-weight compounds (Table S1 in the Supplementary Information) [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] , their solubility and low conductivity caused problems with the cycle stability. A high specific capacity and cycle stability were achieved with polymer-based anodes, such as polydopamine and heterocyclic ladder polymers (Table S2 in the Supplementary Information) [52][53][54][55][56] .…”

“…Nanoparticles of PPy and PTp with carboxy groups (PPy-COOH and PTp-COOH) have specific capacities of 730 and 963 mAh g -1 , respectively, at 20 mA g -1 with stable cycle performances. In recent years, redox-active organic materials based on π-conjugated molecules have attracted much interest as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] . The π-conjugated molecules with carboxy substituents, such as phthalic acid and muconic acid, have a reversible redox reaction based on lithium alkoxylation at approximately 1.0 V vs. Li/Li +41,42 .…”

Recent Advances in the Use of Carbonyl Compounds as Active Components in Organic-Based Batteries

“…They utilized 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylicacidedianhydride as a functional material which yielded an initial capacity of 135 mAhg -1 with a cycling stability of 60% loss over 80 cycles due to dissolution in the electrolyte [25]. However, it showed improved performance when employed as cathode material in a sodium-ion battery [47]. The general mechanism for any aromatic anhydride is that it undergoes two-step electron reduction in which the reduced system is stabilized by enolation.…”