An Organized Medical Response for the Vancouver International Marathon (2006–2011)

Turris, Sheila A.; Lund, Adam; Mui, Justin; Lewis, Kerrie; Gutman, Samuel J.

doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000050

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Turris et al have presented data from the Vancouver International Marathon between 2006 and 2011 17. During this time, there were a total of 67 402 entrants, and no deaths (supplementary appendix table 12).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality during marathons: a narrative review of the literature

Dayer

Green²

2019

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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BackgroundMillions of community-dwelling individuals run marathons each year. There are infrequent deaths, which are often reported widely, and may create unnecessary alarm about the potential risks. Equally, sensible planning for such eventualities is important when staging an event.ObjectiveThe aim of the review was to determine the risk of death from running a marathon and the likely location of such deaths in order to inform the public of the likely risks and improve planning for such events.DesignNarrative review.Data sourcesPrimary: PubMed. Secondary: contact was made with the organisers and medical teams of specific marathons and online data sought where necessary.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesStudies had to report the number of participants and deaths during, or within 24 hours of completing the marathon. Results relevant to half marathons or ultramarathons or other endurance events, such as triathlons, were not included. Deaths due to terrorist activity were not included.ResultsThe risk of death estimated by these studies was approximately 0.67 per 100 000 finishers, that is, 1 death per 149 968 participants. From those studies that reported deaths by sex, the rate of male deaths was 0.98/100 000 (1 per 102 503) vs 0.41/100 000 (1 per 243 879) in females. Deaths tended to occur in the last quarter of the race.Summary/conclusionThe risk of death from participating in a marathon is small. Men are more at risk than women. Deaths tend to occur later in the race.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality during marathons: a narrative review of the literature

Dayer

Green²

2019

BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med

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“…It is conventional that the incidence of medical encounters is reported as the Patient Presentation Rate (PPR) (medical encounters per 1000 race starters) [53]. In data analysis from earlier studies that predate electronic chip timing, the incidence can be reported per 1000 race entrants or finishers [8].…”

Section: Incidence Of Medical Encountersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In cases where small numbers of specific encounters are reported (e.g. serious / lifethreatening medical encounters or SCD), the denominator can be 10 000 or 100 000 race starters [53]. For comparison between different incidences of illness-or injury-related medical encounters illness or injury rate ratios (IRR) could be determined.…”

Section: Incidence Of Medical Encountersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical encounters (including injury and illness) at mass community-based endurance sports events: an international consensus statement on definitions and methods of data recording and reporting

et al. 2019

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Mass participation endurance sports events are popular but a large number of participants are older and may be at risk of medical complications during events. Medical encounters (defined fully in the statement) include those traditionally considered ‘musculoskeletal’ (eg, strains) and those due to ‘illness’ (eg, cardiac, respiratory, endocrine). The rate of sudden death during mass endurance events (running, cycling and triathlon) is between 0.4 and 3.3 per 100 000 entrants. The rate of other serious medical encounters (eg, exertional heat stroke, hyponatraemia) is rarely reported; in runners it can be up to 100 times higher than that of sudden death, that is, between 16 and 155 per 100 000 race entrants. This consensus statement has two goals. It (1) defines terms for injury and illness-related medical encounters, severity and timing of medical encounters, and diagnostic categories of medical encounters, and (2) describes the methods for recording data at mass participation endurance sports events and reporting results to authorities and for publication. This unifying consensus statement will allow data from various events to be compared and aggregated. This will inform athlete/patient management, and thus make endurance events safer.

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“…33 Similarly, if an event is primarily spectator-based (eg, a football match in a stadium with assigned seats), considerations related to site access and egress issues become highly relevant due to the not infrequent occurrence of riots and stampedes. For example, marathons tend to have a shifting footprint.…”

Section: Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As runners continue along the course, the early parts of the course are closed. This has implications for medical deployment as health care may be offered by both fixed and mobile response teams, depending on the nature of the event 33 . Similarly, if an event is primarily spectator-based (eg, a football match in a stadium with assigned seats), considerations related to site access and egress issues become highly relevant due to the not infrequent occurrence of riots and stampedes 21…”

Section: Findings and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass-gathering Health Research Foundational Theory: Part 2 - Event Modeling for Mass Gatherings

Turris

Lund

Hutton

et al. 2014

Prehosp. Disaster med.

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Existing descriptions of "MGs" were considered. Analyzing gaps in current knowledge, the authors sought to delineate the population of events being reported. Employing a consensus approach, the authors strove to capture the diversity, range, and scope of MG events, identifying common variables that might assist researchers in determining when events are similar and might be compared. Through face-to-face group meetings, structured breakout sessions, asynchronous collaboration, and virtual international meetings, a conceptual approach to classifying and describing events evolved in an iterative fashion. Findings Embedded within existing literature are a variety of approaches to event classification and description. Arising from these approaches, the authors discuss the interplay between event demographics, event dynamics, and event design. Specifically, the report details current understandings about event types, geography, scale, temporality, crowd dynamics, medical support, protective factors, and special hazards. A series of tables are presented to model the different analytic lenses that might be employed in understanding the context of MG events. Interpretation The development of an event model addresses a gap in the current body of knowledge vis a vis understanding and reporting the full scope of the health effects related to MGs. Consistent use of a consensus-based event model will support more rigorous data collection. This in turn will support meta-analysis, create a foundation for risk assessment, allow for the pooling of data for illness and injury prediction, and support methodology for evaluating health promotion, harm reduction, and clinical response interventions at MGs.

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An Organized Medical Response for the Vancouver International Marathon (2006–2011)

Abstract: A coordinated on-site medical team covering the entire event site and race route was deployed to reduce the severity of illness and injury at a long-distance running event.

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Mortality during marathons: a narrative review of the literature

Mortality during marathons: a narrative review of the literature

Medical encounters (including injury and illness) at mass community-based endurance sports events: an international consensus statement on definitions and methods of data recording and reporting

Mass-gathering Health Research Foundational Theory: Part 2 - Event Modeling for Mass Gatherings

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