An orthogonal design to optimize seed production, out-planting, and cultivation of the industrially overexploited red alga Gracilaria edulis (Rhodophyta)

Ashok, Kumar; Yadav, Suman; Saminathan, K.; Monisha, N.; Malarvizhi, J.; Ganesan, M.; Mantri, Vaibhav A.

doi:10.1007/s10811-015-0647-9

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Numerical simulations carried out by computational fluid dynamics have confirmed the free movement of water under vertical alignment because of which temperature increase, epiphytism, sedimentation etc. are considerably minimised (Ashok et al 2016a , b ).…”

Section: Distribution and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biology, farming and applications of economically important red seaweed Gracilaria edulis (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva: A concise review

et al. 2023

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Gracilaria edulis is one of the most studied agarophytes, especially in tropical regions like India because of its natural abundance. Apart from the Indian peninsula, it is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. The taxonomy of G. edulis is evolving; currently G. edulis is the taxonomically accepted name, however several phylogenetic and morphological investigations supported its inclusion in the genus Hydropuntia . In addition to the conventional farming methods like the tube net and raft methods which use clonally propagated seed material, spore-based planting materials like carpospores have been employed to cultivate G. edulis . Co-cultivation with shrimp farm wastewater has also been practised to make the cultivation economically viable and environmentally sustainable as the seaweed could provide an efficient ecosystem service by up taking nitrogen from the shrimp waste. Like other seaweed cultivation systems, farming of G. edulis is also infested by various epiphytes like Ulva, Cladophora, Ceramium, Centroceras, Hypnea and Padina as well as grazed by fishes like Monodactylus , Pelates and Pteroscirtes which decrease the growth and ultimately result in low yield of agar, seaweed sap and other value added products. Food grade agar produced by this seaweed is an important resource and the current review focusses on the latest extraction technologies. Further, there also is evidence based application of plant bio-stimulant derived from G. edulis feedstock which has proven to be highly effective in enhancing the yield by 10–33% in field trials of nine cash crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10811-023-02955-8.

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Section: Distribution and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the two harvesting methods examined e.g. complete harvesting and pruning or clipping harvest, the former gave higher yield of 7.21 ± 0.83 kg fresh wt m −2 , corresponding to 5.93 ± 0.11% day −1 growth (Ashok et al 2016a , b ).…”

Section: Distribution and Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology, farming and applications of economically important red seaweed Gracilaria edulis (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva: A concise review

et al. 2023

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“…Orthogonal analysis is considered to be very effective for examining factor effects [27]. In order to investigate the effect of individual physical factors on biomass, pH and specific growth rate, the classical orthogonal distribution is adopted.…”

Section: The Classical Orthogonal Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Physical Factors on the Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris on Enriched Media Using the Methods of Orthogonal Analysis and Response Surface Methodology

Chen

et al. 2019

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In addition to chemical factors, physical conditions also play a key role in the growth of microalgae. In this study, solid sediment in rivers was simulated by pure quartz sand with different particle sizes and the physical effects of disturbance rate, solid-liquid ratio and particle size on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) were investigated through orthogonal analysis and response surface methodology (RSM) during co-cultivation of C. vulgaris and sediment. The result of ANOVA in orthogonal analysis showed that the effect ability of a single factor on biomass can be ranked as disturbance rate > particle size > solid-liquid ratio, 100 r/min disturbance rate and 30-40 M particle size are the most significant at the 0.05 level. Furthermore, the specific growth rate can reach 0.25/d and 0.27/d, respectively. With the growth of C. vulgaris, the pH of the solution reached a maximum of 10.7 in a week. The results from the RSM showed that strong interactions are reflected in the combinations of disturbance rate and solid-liquid ratio, and disturbance rate and particle size. Ramp desirability of the biomass indicates that the optimum levels of the three variables are 105 r/min disturbance rate, 0.117 g/mL solid-liquid ratio and 30-40 M particle size. In this case, the biomass can grow seven times in a week with 0.27/d specific growth rate and a pH value of 7-10.4. This study shows that the growth of C. vulgaris can be regulated by changing physical conditions simultaneously, and the optimization of physical conditions can be applied to biomass production, algae prediction and acid water treatment in rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

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“…Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva (current accepted nomenclature is Hydropuntia edulis (S.G.Gmelin) Gurgel and Fredericq) has been utilized as principal source of food grade agar (450-490 g cm −2 ) for last four decades, and stock is being harvested from natural populations (Meena and Siddhanta 2006). Mariculture technology for G. edulis has been successfully developed, with more recent efforts on seedling production for year-round farming (Ganesan et al 2011;Ashok et al 2016). Gracilaria debilis (Forsskål) Børgesen is yet another agarophyte which produces non-methylated galactan exhibiting comparatively high gel strength of 650 g cm −2 (Mehta et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and biochemical characterization of green and red strains of the tropical agarophytes Gracilaria debilis and Gracilaria edulis (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta)

et al. 2016

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Cultivation of the wild-type red strain and green natural mutant strains of Gracilaria debilis (Forsskål) Børgesen (RD and GD) and Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva (RE and GE) was attempted by raft method from August, 2014 to May, 2015 at Thonithurai, southeastern coast of India, for 180 days in order to evaluate color stability, growth rates, pigment composition, sap components, and the agar yield and quality. Coloration pattern of green and red strains of G. debilis and G. edulis was fixed, and no interchange in color occurred during the cultivation. Red strains of both G. edulis (RE) and G. debilis (RD) showed higher performance in biomass yield and phycoerythrin content over their green counterparts. Maximum biomass yields of 12.458 ± 1.24 kg fresh wt m −2 and 5.49 ± 0.26 kg fresh wt m −2 were observed in G. debilis and G. edulis, respectively. Higher DGR of 5.82 ± 0.57 % day −1 and 5.42 ± 1.73 % day −1 were observed in G. edulis and G. debilis, respectively. Highest gel strength recorded in G. debilis was 800 ± 15 g cm −2 and followed by G. edulis 695 ± 15 g cm −2 . Green and red strain of G. debilis (GD and RD) and G. edulis (GE and RE) showed similar pattern in DGR, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin content, agar yield, gel strength, gelling temperature, melting temperature, sulfate content, and mineral composition of sap (p > 0.05). The growth rates observed in green and red strains of both species were considered adequate for commercial farming, and the present agar-related data fulfilled the industrial and pharmaceutical requirements.

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An orthogonal design to optimize seed production, out-planting, and cultivation of the industrially overexploited red alga Gracilaria edulis (Rhodophyta)

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Biology, farming and applications of economically important red seaweed Gracilaria edulis (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva: A concise review

Biology, farming and applications of economically important red seaweed Gracilaria edulis (S. G. Gmelin) P. C. Silva: A concise review

Effect of Physical Factors on the Growth of Chlorella Vulgaris on Enriched Media Using the Methods of Orthogonal Analysis and Response Surface Methodology

Growth and biochemical characterization of green and red strains of the tropical agarophytes Gracilaria debilis and Gracilaria edulis (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta)

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