An orthothecid hyolith with a digestive tract from the early Cambrian of Bornholm, Denmark

Abstract

The hyolith assemblage from the early Cambrian of Bornholm, Denmark, shows a higher diversity than contemporary assemblages in Baltoscandia. The most common species in the Green Shales (Laeså Formation, Norretorp Member, Cambrian Stage 3), is Hyolithes [=Hyolithus] (Orthotheca) johnstrupi Holm, 1893. A specimen of this species shows a well-preserved and almost complete digestive tract, folded into an approximately 22 mm long chevron-like structure comprised of at least 20 arcuate loops on the ventral side and a flattened, gently sinuous to straight anal tube on the dorsal side. The thin, phosphatic outer shell layer of the conch is crushed under the digestive tract due to compaction while the digestive tract is preserved in three dimensions and appears undisturbed. The shape of the digestive tract is similar to that of the middle Cambrian Guduguwan hardmani (Etheridge) from Australia and the lower Cambrian specimens from Russia described by Meškova & Sysoev. The Danish specimen is probably an adult, lending support to the idea that the orthothecid digestive tract becomes more complex during ontogeny. Hyolithus (Orthotheca) johnstrupi is revised and here referred to Circotheca Sysoev, 1958.

Cavity-dwelling microorganisms from the Ediacaran and Cambrian of North Greenland (Laurentia)

“…4.9, arrow) in which the phosphatic crust deposited on the interior of the now dissolved shell has fractured. Similar structures were illustrated in an orthothecid hyolith from the Cambrian (Stage 3) of Bornholm, Denmark by Berg-Madsen et al (2018, fig. 11A).…”

New insight into the soft anatomy and shell microstructures of early Cambrian orthothecids (Hyolitha)

“…The conch of Longxiantheca is similar to that of Conotheca , especially Conotheca australiensis from contemporaneous strata of South Australia [31], Northeast Greenland [24] and North China [32], Conotheca cf. mammilata and Majatheca tumefacta from the Siberian Platform [33], Conotheca subcurvata from France [9], Circotheca johnstrupi from Bornholm [10] and Petasotheca sp. from Mexico [34].…”

“…they can have circular, ovoid, kidney-shaped and trapezoid cross-sections [8]. Orthothecids are widely considered to be sediment-feeders, while hyolithids are thought to have developed a filter feeding lifestyle [9][10][11].…”

Thecate stem medusozoans (Cnidaria) from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

“…2014; Berg‐Madsen et al . 2018; Liu et al . 2021), probably a result of ontogeny: the digestive tract is in a simple U‐shape first but becomes folded sinuously afterwards (Devaere et al .…”