An outbreak of multiple norovirus strains on a cruise ship in China, 2014

Wang, Xuan; Wei, Yong; Shi, Limin; Qiao, Mu; He, Ming; Zhang, Hongying; Guo, Bin; Xie, Gary; Zhang, Ming; Jin, Miao; Ding, Jie

doi:10.1111/jam.12978

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Because of its prevalence, we have selected it to be used as the example in this paper. Research related to infectious diseases spread by contact transmission usually uses historical data mining methods11, food sample analysis12, investigation by qu e stionnaire13, etc. Influencing factors such as sex, age, and whether the person is a crew-member or a passenger were considered.…”

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confidence: 99%

Contact infection of infectious disease onboard a cruise ship

Zhang

Miao

Huang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Cruise tourism has become more popular. Long-term personal contact, complex population flows, a lack of medical care facilities, and defective infrastructure aboard most cruise ships is likely to result in the ship becoming an incubator for infectious diseases. In this paper, we use a cruise ship as a research scenario. Taking into consideration personal behavior, the nature and transfer route of the virus across different surfaces, virus reproduction, and disinfection, we studied contact infection of infectious disease on a cruise ship. Using gastroenteritis caused by the norovirus as an example, we analyzed the characteristics of infectious disease propagation based on simulation results under different conditions. We found hand washing are the most important factors affecting virus propagation and passenger infection. It also decides either the total number of virus microorganisms or the virus distribution in different functional areas. The transfer rate between different surfaces is a key factor influencing the concentricity of the virus. A high transfer rate leads to high concentricity. In addition, the risk of getting infected is effectively reduced when the disinfection frequency is above a certain threshold. The efficiency of disinfection of functional areas is determined by total virus number and total contact times of surfaces.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact infection of infectious disease onboard a cruise ship

Zhang

Miao

Huang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Interestingly, the dataset in this study revealed that over 20% (129 in 646) of GII.17 sequences were collected from water samples or water-related outbreaks. Such waterborne GII.17 outbreaks have been reported in many countries, for example, the USA, in 2005 [43]; South Korea, in 2008-2012 [44]; Guatemala, in 2009 [45]; and China, in 2014-2015 [16,46]. Moreover, many GII.17 sequences were also detected in environmental water samples from around the world, such as Shandong (China) [47], Singapore [48,49], Japan [50,51], South Africa [52,53], Kenya [54] and New Orleans (USA) [40] .…”

Section: Waterborne Gii17 Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus GII.17: The Emergence and Global Prevalence of a Novel Variant

Yu¹,

Pan²,

Yan³

et al. 2018

Genotyping

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A rare norovirus (NoV) genotype GII.17 has recently emerged and rapidly became predominant in most East Asian countries in the winters of 2014-2015. In this study, we report the diversity of NoV GII.17 in detail; a total of 646 GII.17 sequences obtained during 1978-2015 were analyzed and subjected to meta-analysis. At least five major recombinant GII.17 clusters were identified. Each recombinant variant group appeared to have emerged following the time order: GII.

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“…Norovirus was ranked the second most common etiological agent only after rotavirus in children younger than 5 years in China [ 14 - 16 ]. Field surveys imply that unboiled water and contaminated food are the common causes of norovirus infection [ 12 , 17 ]. The high contagiosity, frequent virus mutation, and limited immune protection has resulted in more frequent epidemics of norovirus outbreak on the Chinese mainland since the winter of 2014, especially in schools [ 18 - 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Potential Norovirus Epidemics in China via Internet Surveillance

Liu¹,

Huang²,

Miao³

et al. 2017

J Med Internet Res

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BackgroundNorovirus is a common virus that causes acute gastroenteritis worldwide, but a monitoring system for norovirus is unavailable in China.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify norovirus epidemics through Internet surveillance and construct an appropriate model to predict potential norovirus infections.MethodsThe norovirus-related data of a selected outbreak in Jiaxing Municipality, Zhejiang Province of China, in 2014 were collected from immediate epidemiological investigation, and the Internet search volume, as indicated by the Baidu Index, was acquired from the Baidu search engine. All correlated search keywords in relation to norovirus were captured, screened, and composited to establish the composite Baidu Index at different time lags by Spearman rank correlation. The optimal model was chosen and possibly predicted maps in Zhejiang Province were presented by ArcGIS software.ResultsThe combination of two vital keywords at a time lag of 1 day was ultimately identified as optimal (ρ=.924, P<.001). The exponential curve model was constructed to fit the trend of this epidemic, suggesting that a one-unit increase in the mean composite Baidu Index contributed to an increase of norovirus infections by 2.15 times during the outbreak. In addition to Jiaxing Municipality, Hangzhou Municipality might have had some potential epidemics in the study time from the predicted model.ConclusionsAlthough there are limitations with early warning and unavoidable biases, Internet surveillance may be still useful for the monitoring of norovirus epidemics when a monitoring system is unavailable.

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An outbreak of multiple norovirus strains on a cruise ship in China, 2014

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Contact infection of infectious disease onboard a cruise ship

Contact infection of infectious disease onboard a cruise ship

Norovirus GII.17: The Emergence and Global Prevalence of a Novel Variant

Identifying Potential Norovirus Epidemics in China via Internet Surveillance

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