An Outbreak of Norwalk-Related Gastroenteritis at a Boys' Camp

Jenkins, Suzanne R.; Horman, Joseph T.; Israel, Ebenezer; Cukor, George; Blacklow, Neil R.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140100049026

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…21,[27][28][29][30][31][32] Like in our study, well-water or other community or private untreated water supplies are regularly used for drinking water at camps. These water supplies have been described as the source of waterborne norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks, due to fecal contamination of the water systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak at a scouting camp caused by two norovirus genogroups: GI and GII

Waarbeek

Dukers-Muijrers

Vennema

et al. 2010

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak at a scouting camp caused by two norovirus genogroups: GI and GII

Waarbeek

Dukers-Muijrers

Vennema

et al. 2010

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…In the United States, Norwalk virus itself appears to be the major cause of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis and has been identified as the cause of 32 to 42% of such outbreaks (40,69). A review of U.S. national surveillance data compiled by the CDC for 1979 revealed that 6 (67%) of 9 outbreaks in nursing homes, 3 (60%) of 5 outbreaks in summer camps, 5 (28%) of 18 outbreaks on cruise ships, and 22 (23%) of 96 outbreaks of waterborne disease were epidemiologically typical of Norwalk virus (62). However, only 18 (4%) of 430 outbreaks of food-borne disease were consistent with Norwalk virus (62).…”

Section: Outbreak Control Waterborne Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A review of U.S. national surveillance data compiled by the CDC for 1979 revealed that 6 (67%) of 9 outbreaks in nursing homes, 3 (60%) of 5 outbreaks in summer camps, 5 (28%) of 18 outbreaks on cruise ships, and 22 (23%) of 96 outbreaks of waterborne disease were epidemiologically typical of Norwalk virus (62). However, only 18 (4%) of 430 outbreaks of food-borne disease were consistent with Norwalk virus (62). Serologic evidence of Norwalk virus infection was demonstrated for 10 (71%) of 14 outbreaks of Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis that could be evaluated.…”

Section: Outbreak Control Waterborne Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne viral gastroenteritis

1993

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Norwalk virus infection is the epidemiologic prototype for outbreaks of food-borne and waterborne gastroenteritis. Around the world, Norwalk virus and Norwalk-like viruses appear to be major causes of food-borne and waterborne illness. Assessment of the overall significance of viral agents to the epidemiology of food-borne and waterborne illness is hampered by the lack of surveillance throughout much of the world. In areas where food-borne and waterborne illness surveillance is conducted, outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis are underreported because of the lack of availability of routine laboratory services to confirm the viral etiology. Routine use of epidemiologic criteria as an alternative to laboratory confirmation will allow better assessments of the importance of viral gastroenteritis until effective laboratory methods can be widely implemented. Outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis have been propagated by contamination of water supplies, raw foods, and ill food handlers. Controlling an outbreak depends on identifying and removing the source of contamination. The demonstrated occurrence of person-to-person transmission and the likely occurrence of transmission of Norwalk-like viruses by aerosol make it necessary to evaluate the potential for transmission by food handlers and servers in every outbreak, regardless of primary source.

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“…The median percentage of patients reporting subjective fever was 37%, with a range of 13 to 71% (69). For 29 groups of patients in outbreaks for which frequency of vomiting and fever were both reported, vomiting occurred in .50% of cases in 19 outbreaks (66%) (1,4,17,18,31,43,48,62,70,72,82,88,108,111,112). Outbreaks in which <50% of patients experienced vomiting involved groups of adults.…”

Section: Epidemiologic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreaks caused by Norwalk-like viruses are characterized by median incubation periods of 24 to 48 h, median durations of 12 to 60 h, and a high percentage of patients with diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting ( Table 2). Children and adolescents are likely to experience vomiting more frequently than diarrhea, while adults experience higher rates of diarrhea than of vomiting (1,62,72,108,112). This combination of incubation period, duration of illness, and relative frequency of reported symptoms is unlike those associated with outbreaks of bacterial infection or intoxication.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%