An Overview of Ancillary Services and HVDC Systems in European Context

Kaushal, Abhimanyu; Hertem, Dirk Van

doi:10.3390/en12183481

Cited by 48 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…However, there is a lack of a general definition of these services because in every regulated zone they can be defined independently based on their own market rules. The most common ancillary services found in the literature include loss compensation, black start capability, control of voltage, frequency or reactive power, oscillation damping and congestion management [95][96][97][98][99]. Further analysis about each of the categories of ancillary services can be found in the works of [100][101][102][103][104][105][106].…”

Section: Ancillary Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids

et al. 2021

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Direct current (DC) microgrids (MG) constitute a research field that has gained great attention over the past few years, challenging the well-established dominance of their alternating current (AC) counterparts in Low Voltage (LV) (up to 1.5 kV) as well as Medium Voltage (MV) applications (up to 50 kV). The main reasons behind this change are: (i) the ascending amalgamation of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), which predominantly supply DC power to the energy mix that meets electrical power demand and (ii) the ascending use of electronic loads and other DC-powered devices by the end-users. In this sense, DC distribution provides a more efficient interface between the majority of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and part of the total load of a MG. The early adopters of DC MGs include mostly buildings with high RES production, ships, data centers, electric vehicle (EV) charging stations and traction systems. However, the lack of expertise and the insufficient standards’ framework inhibit their wider spread. This review paper presents the state of the art of LV and MV DC MGs in terms of advantages/disadvantages over their AC counterparts, their interface with the AC main grid, topologies, control, applications, ancillary services and standardization issues. Overall, the aim of this review is to highlight the possibilities provided by DC MG architectures as well as the necessity for a solid/inclusive regulatory framework, which is their main weakness.

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Section: Ancillary Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids

et al. 2021

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“…HVDC transmission systems, as admittedly the most viable solution for bulk power transmission over very long distances today, are increasingly being deployed around the world in response to the growing need for crossborder power transmission. Given the increasing number of the HVDC installations, it is also expected that those HVDC systems play important roles in ensuring secure power system operation [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FCR Provisions by Multi-Terminal HVDC System

Shinoda¹,

Bakhos²,

Gonzalez‐Torres³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Frequency control is considered to be an important function of multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems. Sharing frequency containment reserves (FCRs) among interconnected AC systems using flexible HVDC technology is particularly attractive in the European context. However, coordination of the contribution between systems with different sizes, quality requirements and dynamic characteristics requires harmonized rules and well-defined control strategies. If the controllers are not properly designed, they can lead to disproportional supports, noncompliance with the existing regulation framework, or even degradation of the frequency quality. This paper analyzes several frequency control solutions for MTDC systems in terms of the adequacy of the expected contribution to the frequency containment process. The performance analyses are then confirmed using load-frequency models coupled with a three-terminal DC system. It is revealed that certain control solutions result in insufficient performance with respect to the desired FCR provision. The proposed distributed solution for each pair of converters can be the most compliant with the existing framework while keeping the highest degrees of freedom.

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“…Most of the systems that are particularly vulnerable due to low inertia in terms of frequency stability are poorly connected to other systems or are connected via High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC) lines. The HVDC lines-although they disconnect systems in terms of inertia sharing-have great capabilities in terms of fast frequency regulation [6][7][8][9]. They can quickly change output active power and provide a Fast Frequency Response (FFR) service, and also represent a cost-effective tool for sustaining frequency stability [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Control of HVDC Links for Frequency Stability Enhancement in Low-Inertia Systems

2020

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Decarbonization of power systems has put Renewable Energy Sources (RES) at the forefront when it comes to electric power generation. The increasing shares of converter-connected renewable generation cause a decrease of the rotational inertia of the Electric Power System (EPS), and consequently deteriorate the system capability to withstand large load-generation imbalances. Low-inertia systems are subjected to fast and large frequency changes in case of in-feed loss, where the traditional primary frequency control is not sufficient to preserve the frequency stability and to maintain the frequency above the critical value. One possible solution to this rising problem is seen in Fast Frequency Response (FFR) provided by the High-Voltage Direct-Current (HVDC)-based systems. This paper presents the adaptive FFR control of HVDC-based systems for frequency stability enhancement in the low-inertia system. The EPS is considered as a “black box” and the HVDC response is determined only using the locally measured frequency change. Sliding Mode Control (SMC) of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) was developed and demonstrated to provide faster and more appropriate frequency response compared to the PI controller. The described adaptive HVDC control considers the size of disturbance and the inertia of the power system, and it is verified by simulations on the IEEE 39 bus test system implemented in MATLAB/Simulink for different system configurations and different sizes of disturbance.

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An Overview of Ancillary Services and HVDC Systems in European Context

Cited by 48 publications

References 65 publications

State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids

State of the Art of Low and Medium Voltage Direct Current (DC) Microgrids

FCR Provisions by Multi-Terminal HVDC System

Adaptive Control of HVDC Links for Frequency Stability Enhancement in Low-Inertia Systems

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