An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling

Concepts for Urban Planning Towards Sustainability and Improved Habitability: Participation of Individual, Society, and Governance

“…These come in attractive colors and patterns, are easy to maintain, durable, microwave safe and food grade for the use of urban population. During the last 15 years, the global annual production of plastics has doubled, reaching approximately 299 million tonnes in 2013 [13]. Typical distribution of the plastic use may be drawn from that of Europe, where the use of plastics is mostly dominated by packaging (38%), followed by building and construction (21%), automotive (7%), electrical and electronic (6%), and other sectors (28%), such as medical and leisure [13].…”

“…Additives are present in the plastics, which enhance functionality of polymer products. However, they may contaminate soil, air, water and food e. g. food contact materials, such as packaging; or they may be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and products [13]. For example, plasticizers have been reported, being of comparatively low molecular weight (300-600 g mol −1 ), to potentially migrate from packaging materials into food, thereby becoming indirect "food additives [13].…”

“…However, they may contaminate soil, air, water and food e. g. food contact materials, such as packaging; or they may be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and products [13]. For example, plasticizers have been reported, being of comparatively low molecular weight (300-600 g mol −1 ), to potentially migrate from packaging materials into food, thereby becoming indirect "food additives [13]. Another example may be that phthalates exhibited an extremely high-transfer (migration) rate (350%), when used in gasket material for closures, in a study using olive oil [13].…”

“…For example, plasticizers have been reported, being of comparatively low molecular weight (300-600 g mol −1 ), to potentially migrate from packaging materials into food, thereby becoming indirect "food additives [13]. Another example may be that phthalates exhibited an extremely high-transfer (migration) rate (350%), when used in gasket material for closures, in a study using olive oil [13].…”

Preparation and characterization of starch composites with cellulose nanofibers obtained by plasma treatment and ultrasonication

“…Since CNF is naturally originated from plants, it offers high biodegradability, renewability, and biocompatibility; making it better rating compared to noncellulosic nanofibers, especially for biomaterial application. CNF could be an advantageous material for reinforcement nanomaterial as it is nontoxic, hydrophilic, and highly biocompatible . In this context, polymers reinforced with natural fibers are an interesting alternative and, research in this field has been growing continuously in the last two decades.…”