An Overview of Foot and Mouth Disease Situation in Tunisia (1975-2017)

Kalthoum, Sana; Ameni, Ben Salem; KAOUTHER, G.; Jamel, Cherni; Samia, Mzoughi; Anissa, Dhaouadi; Naceur, Baccar Mohamed

doi:10.4172/2157-7579.1000560

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…However, in 2014, FMD was reintroduced in Tunisia, with the first outbreak declared in the Nabeul governorate in the northeast of the country. The FMD virus then spread across twenty governorates (Sana et al., 2018). The sequencing of the isolated strain identified topotype O/MESA/Ind 2001d, which was 99% related to the FMD virus circulating in Libya (LIB/2/2013) and Saudi Arabia (SAU/3/2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce‐data environments

Squarzoni-Diaw

Arsevska

Kalthoum³

et al. 2021

Transbound Emerg Dis

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This article presents a participative and iterative qualitative risk assessment framework that can be used to evaluate the spatial variation of the risk of infectious animal disease introduction and spread on a national scale. The framework was developed through regional training action workshops and field activities. The active involvement of national animal health services enabled the identification, collection and hierarchization of risk factors. Quantitative data were collected in the field, and expert knowledge was integrated to adjust the available data at regional level. Experts categorized and combined the risk factors into ordinal levels of risk per epidemiological unit to ease implementation of risk-based surveillance in the field. The framework was used to perform a qualitative assessment of the risk of introduction and spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Tunisia as part of a series of workshops held between 2015 and 2018. The experts in attendance combined risk factors such as epidemiological status, transboundary movements, proximity to the borders and accessibility to assess the risk of FMD outbreaks in Tunisia. Out of the 2,075 Tunisian imadas, 23 were at a very high risk of FMD introduction, mainly at the borders; and 59 were at a very high risk of FMD spread. To validate the model, the results were compared to the FMD outbreaks notified by Tunisia during the 2014 FMD epizootic.Using a spatial Poisson model, a significant alignment between the very high and high-risk categories of spread and the occurrence of FMD outbreaks was shown.The relative risk of FMD occurrence was thus 3.2 higher for imadas in the very high and high spread risk categories than for imadas in the low and negligible spread risk categories. Our results show that the qualitative risk assessment framework can be | 1967 SQUARZONI-DIAW et Al.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce‐data environments

Squarzoni-Diaw

Arsevska

Kalthoum³

et al. 2021

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The above measures related to the risks of the spread of FMD could be enhanced by taking into account the many surveys of animal mobility conducted since 2016, particularly those carried out by the Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire (CNVZ) (Sana et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to this incursion, an emergency vaccination campaign was set up to limit the spread of the disease. In 2017, FMD hit Tunisia once again and the serotype ‘A’, which had been absent for over 30 years, was identified (Ripani et al., 2017; Sana et al, 2018). The outbreaks of FMD observed in 2014 and in 2017 occurred in several regions, but mainly in central and northern Tunisia (Figure 1) (Sana et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2017, FMD hit Tunisia once again and the serotype ‘A’, which had been absent for over 30 years, was identified (Ripani et al., 2017; Sana et al, 2018). The outbreaks of FMD observed in 2014 and in 2017 occurred in several regions, but mainly in central and northern Tunisia (Figure 1) (Sana et al, 2018). The introduction of FMD in Tunisia was due to uncontrolled cross‐border animal movements and subsequent spillover to animal sub‐populations within the country, leading to further spread of the disease, particularly in regions that host a large number of animals (Bouguedour & Ripani, 2016; Sana et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In response to this incursion, an emergency vaccination campaign was set up to limit the spread of the disease. In 2017, FMD hit Tunisia once again and the serotype 'A', which had been absent for over 30 years, was identified (Ripani et al, 2017;Sana et al, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Implementation of zoning to guide management of foot and mouth disease in Tunisia

Mtaallah

Squarzoni-Diaw

Kalthoum

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Summary The World Organisation for Animal Health advocates the zoning approach for the surveillance and monitoring of foot and mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious animal disease. Our purpose is to implement the zoning approach in Tunisia by identifying existing natural and artificial barriers to the movement of live animals. A Geographic Information System (GIS)‐based MultiCriteria Evaluation approach was developed. Eight national and international experts were asked to identify the barriers and prioritize them, characterized by a percentage weight between 0 and 100. These barriers were mapped and combined, taking into account their relative importance, to create a friction map that makes it possible to visualize areas where animal movements are restricted. Uncertainty analysis was performed to assess the robustness of the model. The results showed that the selected barriers were in order of decreasing importance: maritime borders with a weight of 33.5%, rivers (13.8%), slopes equal to or greater than 10% (13.8%), wetlands (13.3%), forests (7.7%), land borders (7.7%), railway networks (5%) and main roads (4.9%). The Cap Bon zone is the only favourable zoning area for the control of FMD in Tunisia. A regional approach resulting from this work could be a major asset in identifying regions suitable for zoning in North Africa.

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Foot and Mouth Disease in North Africa: Epidemiology and Control Strategies

Hemida,

Merdja,

Boumezrag

2024

Folia Veterinaria

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting livestock, caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV). The North African region is vulnerable to transboundary diseases, and the livestock population at risk is substantial. The genetic diversity of FMDV in the region poses challenges for control measures, as vaccination or recovery from one serotype does not guarantee protection against others. The risk of disease introduction through illegal animal movement is leading North African countries to follow strict WOAH sanitary measures and animal movement controls. Algeria has faced multiple outbreaks, some linked to the illegal movement of animals across borders. Tunisia experienced outbreaks in 2014 and 2017, with genomic analysis indicating connections to West African countries. Libya encountered historical FMDV incursions, and despite control efforts, illegal animal movement and inadequate facilities posed challenges. Morocco reported outbreaks in 1991 and later in 2015, introducing vaccination strategies. Egypt’s FMD history showed multiple serotypes causing outbreaks. Control strategies include vaccination, compensation for affected farmers, and control measures such as disease notification, surveillance, and movement restrictions. The compensation rates for farmers vary depending on factors such as animal type and the approved compensation approach. In conclusion, the complexity of FMD control in North Africa, highlights the need for regional collaboration, effective control measures, and ongoing vigilance to mitigate the economic and health impacts of the disease.

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An Overview of Foot and Mouth Disease Situation in Tunisia (1975-2017)

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce‐data environments

Using a participatory qualitative risk assessment to estimate the risk of introduction and spread of transboundary animal diseases in scarce‐data environments

Implementation of zoning to guide management of foot and mouth disease in Tunisia

Foot and Mouth Disease in North Africa: Epidemiology and Control Strategies

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