An overview of host‐derived molecules that interact with gut microbiota

Pig gastrointestinal tracts harbor a heterogeneous and dynamic ecosystem populated with trillions of microbes, enhancing the ability of the host to harvest energy from dietary carbohydrates and contributing to host adipogenesis and fatness. However, the microbial community structure and related mechanisms responsible for the differences between the fatty phenotypes and the lean phenotypes of the pigs remained to be comprehensively elucidated. Herein, we first found significant differences in microbial composition and potential functional capacity among different gut locations in Jinhua pigs with distinct fatness phenotypes. Second, we identified that Jinhua pigs with lower fatness exhibited higher levels of short‐chain fatty acids in the colon, highlighting their enhanced carbohydrate fermentation capacity. Third, we explored the differences in expressed carbohydrate‐active enzyme (CAZyme) in pigs, indicating their involvement in modulating fat storage. Notably, Clostridium butyricum might be a representative bacterial species from Jinhua pigs with lower fatness, and a significantly higher percentage of its genome was dedicated to CAZyme glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13). Finally, a subsequent mouse intervention study substantiated the beneficial effects of C. butyricum isolated from experimental pigs, suggesting that it may possess characteristics that promote the utilization of carbohydrates and hinder fat accumulation. Remarkably, when Jinhua pigs were administered C. butyricum, similar alterations in the gut microbiome and host fatness traits were observed, further supporting the potential role of C. butyricum in modulating fatness. Taken together, our findings reveal previously overlooked links between C. butyricum and CAZyme function, providing insight into the basic mechanisms that connect gut microbiome functions to host fatness.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium butyricum and carbohydrate active enzymes contribute to the reduced fat deposition in pigs

Ma,

Tao,

Song

et al. 2024

“…However, when commensal microorganisms are misidentified, a consistently activated immune response occurs, which can be detrimental to the host [ 83 ]. The gut microbiome can substantially affect host immune homeostasis in early life, play an essential role in the development of postnatal intestinal endotoxin tolerance, and have an impact on immune cells [ 84 , 85 ]. A higher relative abundance of Bifidobacteria has been reported to be associated with improved CD4 + T‐cell responses and vaccine memory [ 86 ].…”

Section: Chd Gut Microbiome and Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

From heart to gut: Exploring the gut microbiome in congenital heart disease

Liu,

Huang,

et al. 2023

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a prevalent birth defect and a significant contributor to childhood mortality. The major characteristics of CHD include cardiovascular malformations and hemodynamical disorders. However, the impact of CHD extends beyond the circulatory system. Evidence has identified dysbiosis of the gut microbiome in patients with CHD. Chronic hypoxia and inflammation associated with CHD affect the gut microbiome, leading to alterations in its number, abundance, and composition. The gut microbiome, aside from providing essential nutrients, engages in direct interactions with the host immune system and indirect interactions via metabolites. The abnormal gut microbiome or its products can translocate into the bloodstream through an impaired gut barrier, leading to an inflammatory state. Metabolites of the gut microbiome, such as short‐chain fatty acids and trimethylamine N‐oxide, also play important roles in the development, treatment, and prognosis of CHD. This review discusses the role of the gut microbiome in immunity, gut barrier, neurodevelopment, and perioperative period in CHD. By fostering a better understanding of the cross‐talk between CHD and the gut microbiome, this review aims to contribute to improve clinical management and outcomes for CHD patients.

“…The gut microbiota, exhibiting a complex symbiotic interaction with the host, is shaped by many factors including genetics, diet, hormone levels, delivery mode, and feeding method [ 2 , 3 ]. Intriguingly, the human gut microbiota is likely to comprise a ratio closer to 1:1 in cell count compared to the human body [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ratio may vary among individuals due to factors such as body size and the amount of fecal material in the colon [ 4 ]. The gut microbiota, containing extensive genetic information and often regarded as the “second genome” and the largest endocrine organ in humans, is crucial for the host's immune, metabolic, endocrine, neural, and reproductive health [ 3 , 6 ]. Extensive research has demonstrated that gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly contributes to various pathophysiological changes in the host and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune‐related conditions [ 3 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal flora and pregnancy complications: Current insights and future prospects

Tian,

Zhang,

Yao

et al. 2024

Numerous studies have demonstrated the pivotal roles of intestinal microbiota in many physiopathological processes through complex interactions with the host. As a unique period in a woman's lifespan, pregnancy is characterized by changes in hormones, immunity, and metabolism. The gut microbiota also changes during this period and plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Consequently, anomalies in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, namely, gut microbiota dysbiosis, can predispose individuals to various pregnancy complications, posing substantial risks to both maternal and neonatal health. However, there are still many controversies in this field, such as “sterile womb” versus “in utero colonization.” Therefore, a thorough understanding of the roles and mechanisms of gut microbiota in pregnancy and its complications is essential to safeguard the health of both mother and child. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the changes in gut microbiota during pregnancy, its abnormalities in common pregnancy complications, and potential etiological implications. It also explores the potential of gut microbiota in diagnosing and treating pregnancy complications and examines the possibility of gut‐derived bacteria residing in the uterus/placenta. Our aim is to expand knowledge in maternal and infant health from the gut microbiota perspective, aiding in developing new preventive and therapeutic strategies for pregnancy complications based on intestinal microecology.