An Overview of Malaria Transmission Mechanisms, Control, and Modeling

Abstract

In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. As a result of the interplay between many factors, the control of this disease can be challenging. However, few studies have demonstrated malaria’s complexity, control, and modeling although this perspective could lead to effective policy recommendations. This paper aims to be a didactic material providing the reader with an overview of malaria. More importantly, using a system approach lens, we intend to highlight the debated topics and the multifaceted thematic aspects of malaria transmission mechanisms, while showing the control approaches used as well as the model supporting the dynamics of malaria. As there is a large amount of information on each subject, we have attempted to provide a basic understanding of malaria that needs to be further developed. Nevertheless, this study illustrates the importance of using a multidisciplinary approach to designing next-generation malaria control policies.

Unexpected severe malaria in a postoperative patient, New York, USA

“…Moreover, the cases reported in Florida were all from Plasmodium vivax and identified only in Sarasota County [ 5 ]. The incubation period for the different forms of malaria can be variable, but P. falciparum (as diagnosed in our patient) is typically associated with shorter incubation times of 7–20 days [ 6 ]. His work selling international fruits and vegetables raised the possibility of “baggage” malaria, meaning presumed occupational exposure from an infectious mosquito imported via the shipped produce directly.…”

Mosquito-borne diseases in Pakistan: challenges, strategies, and future prospects

“…This species complex appears to have a variety of ecological niches, which is significant [24] ; however, biting only happens at night and most resting takes place indoors [24] . In India's cities, A. stephensi is a significant vector with considerable behavioral flexibility [24] Anopheles mosquitoes lack protein and plant sucrose during egglaying, it leads to their feeding on human blood and infecting people with Plasmodium protozoans through circulation [25] . Because vectors' attraction to the host changes, the transmission strength may fluctuate dramatically amongst host populations [25] .…”

“…In India's cities, A. stephensi is a significant vector with considerable behavioral flexibility [24] Anopheles mosquitoes lack protein and plant sucrose during egglaying, it leads to their feeding on human blood and infecting people with Plasmodium protozoans through circulation [25] . Because vectors' attraction to the host changes, the transmission strength may fluctuate dramatically amongst host populations [25] . The varying microbiota of human bodies and their responses to mosquito bites cause this variance [25] .…”

“…Because vectors' attraction to the host changes, the transmission strength may fluctuate dramatically amongst host populations [25] . The varying microbiota of human bodies and their responses to mosquito bites cause this variance [25] .…”

Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea

“…Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites ( Plasmodium spp.) that enter the host’s bloodstream when female mosquitoes blood feed for egg development 2 . In the Republic of Korea (ROK), there are currently approximately 200–300 locally acquired malaria cases annually resulting from infections of Plasmodium vivax 3 , 4 .…”