An Overview of Medium Access Control and Radio Duty Cycling Protocols for Internet of Things

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as smart grids, smart agriculture, smart cities, and e-healthcare are popular nowadays. Generally, IoT end devices are extremely sensitive to the utilization of energy. The medium access control (MAC) layer is responsible for coordination and access of the IoT devices. It is essential to design an efficient MAC protocol for achieving high throughput in IoT. Duty cycling is a fundamental process in wireless networks and also an energy-saving necessity if nodes are required to operate for more than a few days. Numerous MAC protocols along with different objectives have been proposed for the IoT. However, to the best of our knowledge, only limited work has been performed dedicated to covering MAC and radio duty cycling (RDC). Therefore, in this study, we propose a systematic cataloging system and use if to organize the most important MAC and RDC proposals. In this catalog, each protocol has been categorized into main ideas, advantages, applications, limitations, innovative features, and potential future improvements. Our critical analysis is different from previous research studies, as we have fully covered all recent studies in this domain. We discuss challenges and future research directions.

The Advents of Ubiquitous Computing in the Development of Smart Cities—A Review on the Internet of Things (IoT)

“…A distributed point coordination function-M is proposed in [29] that addresses the To address the unique requirements and limitations of IoT, MAC layers for M2M protocols are studied. The most widespread MAC layer IoT protocols are explained in the upcoming subsections.…”

Uma modelagem mais realista do tempo de descoberta de vizinhos para mecanismos de duty cycle assíncrono baseados em escalonamento

“…Mecanismos assíncronos de ciclo de trabalho diferem entre si pela forma como buscam reduzir a latência e a escuta ociosa. Em [4] é introduzido o mecanismo de amostragem de preâmbulo, onde os nós dormem de forma assíncrona e acordam periodicamente para verificar se existe alguma atividade no canal. Se um preâmbulo, cuja duração é maior do que o tempo de atividade e de sono juntos, for identificado durante o período de verificação, o nó permanece ativo aguardando o quadro a ser recebido.…”

A Contention-Free Cooperative MAC Protocol for Eliminating Heterogenous Collisions in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

“…In the VANET environment, medium access control (MAC) protocols play a critical role in providing reliable communications and disseminating important safety messages (SMs) to avoid chain reactions and catastrophes by efficiently utilizing the shared wireless channel. Providing an efficient MAC protocol is a challenge because of the high speed of the vehicles, frequent topology changes, insufficient infrastructure, and wide range of quality-of-service (QoS) requirements [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Time division multiple access (TDMA)-based MAC protocols are becoming an emerging research topic in the area of VANETs, in which time is divided into frames and each frame is divided into time slots, and various vehicles can access different time slots [ 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Obviously, TDMA-based MAC protocols for VANETs are categorized as contention-based and contention-free strategies [ 16 ]. Since contention-based IEEE802.11p has been developed, DSRC has adopted carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanisms to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle [ 5 , 6 ].…”