An Overview of Mode of Action and Analytical Methods for Evaluation of Gas Phase Activities of Flame Retardants

Salmeia, Khalifah A.; Fage, Julien; Liang, Shuyu; Gaan, Sabyasachi

doi:10.3390/polym7030504

Cited by 130 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…The three novel compounds were designed in order to possess improved flame retardation potential, but also for a wide range of applications based on their higher melting points and increased stability, which are prerequisites for their use in the production of plastic materials (Buczko et al 2014; Gaan et al 2013, 2015; Neisius et al 2014; Salmeia and Gaan 2015; Salmeia et al 2015; Qiang et al 2011). In contrast to the current practice of investigating the potential harmful properties of flame retardants after their introduction into the market, we applied here a series of human in vitro screening assays to allow a fundamental toxicological classification before the production and application of halogen-free bis -DOPO compounds on an industrial scale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to improve its flame retardation potential and influence its physico-chemical parameters, such as its melting point, to allow industrial application in different plastic materials, novel phosphonamidate and phosphonate and phosphinate derivatives of DOPO have been developed (Gaan et al 2009, 2013, 2015; Buczko et al 2014; Neisius et al 2014; Salmeia and Gaan 2015; Salmeia et al 2015), but have not been evaluated with respect to their toxicological potential. In the combustion process, phosphonamidate DOPO derivatives primarily act in the vapor phase by forming phosphorus-containing radical species (PO · ) (Salmeia and Gaan 2015; Salmeia et al 2015), which interact with · OH or H · radicals (Eq. 1) formed during combustion and therefore lead to a reduction in the release of heat, favoring the extinguishing of the flame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiparameter toxicity assessment of novel DOPO-derived organophosphorus flame retardants

Hirsch

Striegl²,

Mathes

et al. 2016

Arch Toxicol

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Halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardants are considered as replacements for the phased-out class of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, toxicological information on new flame retardants is still limited. Based on their excellent flame retardation potential, we have selected three novel 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives and assessed their toxicological profile using a battery of in vitro test systems in order to provide toxicological information before their large-scale production and use. PBDE-99, applied as a reference compound, exhibited distinct neuro-selective cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥10 µM. 6-(2-((6-oxido-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)amino)ethoxy)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (ETA-DOPO) and 6,6′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine-6-oxide) (EG-DOPO) displayed adverse effects at concentrations >10 µM in test systems reflecting the properties of human central and peripheral nervous system neurons, as well as in a set of non-neuronal cell types. DOPO and its derivative 6,6′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine-6-oxide) (EDA-DOPO) were neither neurotoxic, nor did they exhibit an influence on neural crest cell migration, or on the integrity of human skin equivalents. The two compounds furthermore displayed no inflammatory activation potential, nor did they affect algae growth or daphnia viability at concentrations ≤400 µM. Based on the superior flame retardation properties, biophysical features suited for use in polyurethane foams, and low cytotoxicity of EDA-DOPO, our results suggest that it is a candidate for the replacement of currently applied flame retardants.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1680-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiparameter toxicity assessment of novel DOPO-derived organophosphorus flame retardants

Hirsch

Striegl²,

Mathes

et al. 2016

Arch Toxicol

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“…It was observed that with increasing concentration of bromine the selfextinguishing time for the foams decreased. 34 When foams are exposed to fire, the volatile component of polymer fuses into the air forming an ignition media leading to initiation step for combustion. While, Ali-1 and Ali-2 showed low flame time of 12.4 and 21 s when the concentration was Br-6%, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While, Ali-1 and Ali-2 showed low flame time of 12.4 and 21 s when the concentration was Br-6%, respectively. 18, 34,35 Raman spectroscopy was performed to analyze the graphitic and diamond phase present in the carbon obtained from the burnt specimen of the horizontal burning test. Similar to burning time analysis, area of the burnt specimen is reduced with increasing concentration of bromine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly flame‐retardant bio‐based polyurethanes using novel reactive polyols

Bhoyate

Ionescu

Radojčić

et al. 2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Poor flame retardancy of polyurethanes (PU) is a global issue as it limits their applications particularly in construction, automobile, and household appliances industries. The global challenge of high flammability of PU can be addressed by incorporating flame-retardant materials. However, additive flame-retardants are non-compatible and depreciate the properties of PU. Hence, reactive flame-retardants (RFR) based on aliphatic (Ali-1 and Ali-2) and aromatic (Ar-1 and Ar-2) structured bromine compounds were synthesized and used to prepare bio-based PU using limonene dimercaptan. The aromatic bromine containing foams showed higher close cell content (average 97 and 100%) and compressive strength (230 and 325 kPa) to that of aliphatic bromine containing foams. Similar behavior was observed for a horizontal burning test where with a low concentration of bromine (5 wt %) in the foams for Ar-1 and Ar-2 displayed a burning time of 12.5 and 11.8 s while, Ali-1 and Ali-2 displayed burning time of 25.7 and 37 s, respectively. Neat foam showed a burning time of 74 s. The percentage weight loss for neat PU foam was 26.5%, while foams containing 5 wt % bromine in Ali-1, Ali-2, Ar-1, and Ar-2 foams displayed weight loss of 11.3, 14, 7.9, and 14%, respectively. Our results suggest that flame retardant PU foams could be prepared effectively by using RFR materials.

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“…The fire retardant action is believed to occur in the gas phase (Fenimore and Martin, 1966b, Fenimore and Martin, 1966a, Fenimore and Jones, 1966, Fenimore and Martin, 1972). Yet in spite of the long use and many studies of antimony-bromine systems as fire retardants, for example (Hastie and McBee, 1975, Khalturinskii and Rudakova, 2008, Lewin, 1999, Lewin, 2001, Linteris, 2002, Salmeia et al, 2015, Weil, 2011, Weil and Levchik, 2007), there have been few fundamental studies describing the gas phase inhibition mechanism by antimony and its synergetic effect when combined with chlorine or bromine. Unlike most other gas-phase active flame inhibitors, there are no kinetic or thermodynamic models for antimony flame inhibition, and consequently, there has been no simulation or analysis of those systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Antimony-Halogen Additives on Flame Propagation

Babushok

Deglmann²,

Krämer

et al. 2016

Combustion Science and Technology

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A kinetic model for flame inhibition by antimony-halogen compounds in hydrocarbon flames is developed. Thermodynamic data for the relevant species are assembled from the literature, and calculations are performed for a large set of additional species of Sb-Br-C-H-O system. The main Sb- and Br-containing species in the combustion products and reaction zone are determined using flame equilibrium calculations with a set of possible Sb-Br-C-H-O species, and these are used to develop the species and reactions in a detailed kinetic model for antimony flame inhibition. The complete thermodynamic data set and kinetic mechanism are presented. Laminar burning velocity simulations are used to validate the mechanism against available data in the literature, as well as to explore the relative performance of the antimony-halogen compounds. Further analysis of the premixed flame simulations has unraveled the catalytic radical recombination cycle of antimony. It includes (primarily) the species Sb, SbO, SbO2, and HOSbO, and the reactions: Sb+O+M=SbO+M; Sb+O2+M=SbO2+M; SbO+H=Sb+OH; SbO+O=Sb+O2; SbO+OH+M=HOSbO+M; SbO2+H2O=HOSbO+OH; HOSbO+H=SbO+H2O; SbO+O+M=SbO2+M. The inhibition cycles of antimony are shown to be more effective than those of bromine, and intermediate between the highly effective agents CF3Br and trimethylphosphate. Preliminary examination of a Sb/Br gas-phase system did not show synergism in the gas-phase catalytic cycles (i.e., they acted essentially independently).

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An Overview of Mode of Action and Analytical Methods for Evaluation of Gas Phase Activities of Flame Retardants

Cited by 130 publications

References 87 publications

Multiparameter toxicity assessment of novel DOPO-derived organophosphorus flame retardants

Multiparameter toxicity assessment of novel DOPO-derived organophosphorus flame retardants

Highly flame‐retardant bio‐based polyurethanes using novel reactive polyols

Influence of Antimony-Halogen Additives on Flame Propagation

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