An Overview of Particulate Matter Measurement Instruments

Amaral, Simone Simões; Carvalho, João Andrade de; Costa, Maria Angélica Martins; Pinheiro, Cleverson

doi:10.3390/atmos6091327

Cited by 159 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Their specifications, such as size range of nano/particle and time to generate a full-size distribution vary, and thus global nanoaerosol measurement metrics, such as total number concentration and size distributions, vary somehow between instruments. A detailed discussion of this issue is outside the scope of this review and the interested reader is encouraged to consult available reviews on this topic (e.g., Table in Amaral et al 2015). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs

Pirela¹,

Martin

Bello

et al. 2017

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Toner formulations used by laser printers (LP) and photocopiers (PC), collectively called “toner-based printing equipment” (TPE), are nano-enabled products (NEP) because they contain several engineered nanomaterials (ENM) that improve toner performance. It has been shown that during consumer use (printing), these ENM are released in the air, together with other semi volatile organic nanoparticles, and newly formed gaseous co-pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC). The aim of this review is to detail and analyze physico-chemical and morphological (PCM), as well as the toxicological properties of particulate matter (PM) emissions from TPE. The review covers evolution of science since the early 2000, when this printing technology first became a subject of public interest, as well as the lagging regulatory framework around it. Important studies that have significantly changed our understanding of these exposures are also highlighted. The review continues with a critical appraisal of the most up-to-date cellular, animal and human toxicological evidence on the potential adverse human health effects of PM emitted from TPE. We highlight several limitations of existing studies, including: (i) use of high and often unrealistic doses in vitro or in vivo; (ii) unrealistically high dose rates in intratracheal instillation studies; (iii) improper use of toners as surrogate for emitted nanoparticles; (iv) lack of or inadequate PCM characterization of exposures; and (v) lack of dosimetry considerations in in vitro studies. Presently, there is compelling evidence that the PM01 from TPE are biologically active and capable of inducing oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo, respiratory tract inflammation in vivo (in rats) and in humans, several endpoints of cellular injury in monocultures and co-cultures, including moderate epigenetic modifications in vitro. In humans, limited epidemiological studies report typically 2-3 times higher prevalence of chronic cough, wheezing, nasal blockage, excessive sputum production, breathing difficulties, and shortness of breath, in copier operators relative to controls. Such symptoms can be exacerbated during chronic exposures, and in individuals susceptible to inhaled pollutants. Thus respiratory, immunological, cardiovascular, and other disorders may be developed following such exposures; however, further toxicological and larger scale molecular epidemiological studies must be done to fully understand the mechanism of action of these TPE emitted nanoparticles. Major research gaps have also been identified. Among them, a methodical risk assessment based on “real world” exposures rather than on the toner particles alone needs to be performed to provide the much-needed data to establish regulatory guidelines protective of individuals exposed to TPE emissions at both the occupational and consumer level. Industry-wide molecular epidemiology as well as mechanistic animal and human studies are also urgently needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs

Pirela¹,

Martin

Bello

et al. 2017

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…Based on the available systematic reviews on particulate air sampling technologies [72,73], it is worth examining instrumentation and approaches commonly employed in the reviewed I-O investigations.…”

Section: Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Indoor-Outdoor Particulate Matter Air Pollution: A Review

Salizzoni

Clerico

et al. 2017

Atmosphere

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Abstract:Background: Air pollution is a major global environmental risk factor. Since people spend most of their time indoors, the sole measure of outdoor concentrations is not sufficient to assess total exposure to air pollution. Therefore, the arising interest by the international community to indoor-outdoor relationships has led to the development of various techniques for the study of emission and exchange parameters among ambient and non-ambient pollutants. However, a standardised method is still lacking due to the complex release and dispersion of pollutants and the site conditions among studies. Methods: This review attempts to fill this gap to some extent by focusing on the analysis of the variety of site-specific approaches for the assessment of particulate matter in work and life environments. Results: First, the main analogies and differences between indoor and outdoor particles emerging from several studies are briefly described. Commonly-used indicators, sampling methods, and other approaches are compared. Second, recommendations for further studies based on recent results in order to improve the assessment and management of those issues are provided. Conclusions: This review is a step towards a comprehensive understanding of indoor and outdoor exposures which may stimulate the development of innovative tools for further epidemiological and multidisciplinary research.

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“…These algorithms encode a potential solution to a specific problem by iteratively modifying an initial randomly defined population of candidate solutions, tested against the objective/fitness function, and "evolving" them over successive generations toward an optimal solution. At each step, subsequent generations evolve from the previous using three rules: (i) selection of the fittest individuals (called parents) created in each generation, which will contribute to the population at the next generation; (ii) crossover of two parents to produce new solutions (called children) for the next generation; and (iii) mutation that applies random changes to individual parents to generate more new solutions [19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Genetic Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Modelling of PM2.5 Temporal and Spatial Behaviors in European Cities

Adães

Pires

2019

Sustainability

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Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) is associated with adverse effects on human health (e.g., fatal cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), and environmental concerns (e.g., visibility impairment and damage in ecosystems). This study aimed to evaluate temporal and spatial trends and behaviors of PM2.5 concentrations in different European locations. Statistical threshold models using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) defined by Genetic Algorithms (GA) were also applied for an urban centre site in Istanbul, to evaluate the influence of meteorological variables and PM10 concentrations on PM2.5 concentrations. Lower PM2.5 concentrations were observed in northern Europe. The highest values were found at traffic-related sites. PM2.5 concentrations were usually higher during the winter and tended to present strong increases during rush hours. PM2.5/PM10 ratios were slightly higher at background sites and the lower values were found in northern Europe (Helsinki and Stockholm). Ratios were usually higher during cold months and during the night. The statistical model (ANN + GA) allowed evaluating the combined effect of different explanatory variables (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, air pressure and PM10 concentrations) on PM2.5 concentrations, under different regimes defined by relative humidity (threshold value of 79.1%). Important information about the temporal and spatial trends and behaviors related to PM2.5 concentrations in different European locations was developed.

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An Overview of Particulate Matter Measurement Instruments

Cited by 159 publications

References 52 publications

Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs

Nanoparticle exposures from nano-enabled toner-based printing equipment and human health: state of science and future research needs

Assessment of Indoor-Outdoor Particulate Matter Air Pollution: A Review

Analysis and Modelling of PM2.5 Temporal and Spatial Behaviors in European Cities

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