An Overview of Recycling Wastes into Graphene Derivatives Using Microwave Synthesis; Trends and Prospects

Abstract

It is no secret that graphene, a two-dimensional single-layered carbon atom crystal lattice, has drawn tremendous attention due to its distinct electronic, surface, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties. Graphene also has opened up new possibilities for future systems and devices due to its distinct structure and characteristics which has increased its demand in a variety of applications. However, scaling up graphene production is still a difficult, daunting, and challenging task. Although there is a vast body of literature reported on the synthesis of graphene through conventional and eco-friendly methods, viable processes for mass graphene production are still lacking. This review focuses on the variety of unwanted waste materials, such as biowastes, coal, and industrial wastes, for producing graphene and its potential derivatives. Among the synthetic routes, the main emphasis relies on microwave-assisted production of graphene derivatives. In addition, a detailed analysis of the characterization of graphene-based materials is presented. This paper also highlights the current advances and applications through the recycling of waste-derived graphene materials using microwave-assisted technology. In the end, it would alleviate the current challenges and forecast the specific direction of waste-derived graphene future prospects and developments.

Fuzzy Method to Improve Products and Processes Considering the Approach of Sustainable Development (FQE-SD Method)

“…Quality management of product development is one of the essential elements supporting sustainable development [11,12]. To achieve sustainable development goals, it is necessary to meet customers' expectations and simultaneously reduce negative impacts on the natural environment [62][63][64]. The previous analyses focused mainly on the use of various instruments supporting quality improvement and reducing the negative impacts on the environment, e.g., the QFD method [23], and its modification [22], FMEA, TRIZ [27], FTOP-SIS [8], LCA [26], DEMATEL [29], or VIKOR [30].…”