An Overview of Robust Video Watermarking Techniques

Abstract

Copyright hacking and piracy have increased as the Internet has grown in popularity and access to multimedia material has increased. Security, property protection, and authentication have all been achieved via watermarking techniques. This paper presents a summary of some recent efforts on video watermarking techniques, with an emphasis on studies from 2018 to 2022, as well as the various approaches, achievements, and attacks utilized as testing measures against these watermarking systems. According to the findings of this study, frequency-domain watermarking techniques are more popular and reliable than spatial domain watermarking approaches. Hybrid DCT and DWT are the two most used techniques and achieve good results in the field of video watermarking, and the system is more robust against attacks. PSNR was taken into consideration as a comparison metric in various recent articles in terms of robustness in the video watermarking field.

Enhancing Speed and Imperceptibility in Watermarking Systems by Leveraging Galois Field Tables

“…To enhance accessibility and readability, addition and multiplication tables for GF(2 3 ), GF(2 5 ), and GF(2 6 ) are provided in the appendix section. [ [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,5], [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,3,1,7,5,11,9,15,13], [3,6,5,12,15,10,9,11,8,13,14,7,4,1,2], [4,8,12,3,7,11,…”

“…These applications make it easier to implement operations within GFs and to do calculations efficiently, which helps to create safe and reliable systems. The following is a general algorithm for computing the addition and multiplicative inverses in different GFs (GF(2 3 ), GF(2 4 ), GF(2 5 ), and GF(2 6 )) tables.…”

“…Algorithm: Compute the addition and multiplicative inverse tables in different Galois fields Input: Addition and multiplication tables in GF( 23 ), GF(2 4 ), GF(2 5 ), and GF(2 6 ) Output: addition and multiplicative inverse tables in GF( 23 ), GF(2 4 ), GF(2 5 ), and GF( 2…”

“…This technology is indispensable for safeguarding digital content [3]. The practice of safeguarding media content frequently involves the inconspicuous embedding of hidden marks within the host media, a technique commonly known as color image watermarking [4,5]. Galois Field with 2 n elements, is a finite mathematical construct with distinctive properties that make it well-suited for watermarking applications.…”

“…TABLE IN GF (2 4 )[[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15],[2,4,6,8,10,12,14,9,11,13,15,1,3,5,7],[3,6,5,12,15,10,9,1,2,7,4,13,14,11,8],[4,8,12,9,13,1,5,11,15,3,…”