An overview of source monitoring theory and research regarding children’s training

Lee, Seungjin; Shin, Minkyeong

doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03730-7

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…It is likely that avoidance is not associated with effective source monitoring, which is the ability that best allows us to discriminate misleading information [26,43,44]. Rossi-Arnaud and colleagues [41,42] found that process-focused and collaboration reduce the interrogative suggestibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several factors can intervene to protect against the effects of repeated suggestive interviews, such as age [2], higher source monitoring skills [26] resilience skills [13,27,28], and memory confidence [4,5,29]. After the age of 12, children may develop a greater ability to reject suggestive questions even in cases of repeated interviews over time, although their significant vulnerability to socioemotional pressures and negative feedback remains [2,25,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Coping Strategies in Children’s Repeated Suggestive Interviews

Vagni,

Giostra

2024

Forensic Sciences

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Often in the forensic context, child victims and witnesses are interviewed several times, exposing them to suggestive questions and social pressures. The present study had the main purpose of verifying the effect of coping strategies on the levels of immediate suggestibility and on the Resistant Behavioral Responses (RBRs) of children subjected to repeated suggestive interviews. A sample of 90 children, aged between 11 and 14, were administered the two parallel Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS2 and GSS1) a few months apart and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) to detect their coping strategies. The results showed that the avoidance coping increased suggestive vulnerability and reduced resistant responses. Task-oriented coping favored responses with greater source monitoring, which allow for the rejection of misleading information. Coping strategies did not show direct effects on the management of the socioemotional aspects involved in the suggestive interaction. After the negative feedback that invites children to be more accurate, a smaller effect of the avoidance strategy was recorded, indicating how actively requesting greater source monitoring can lead children to better recognize misleading information.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Coping Strategies in Children’s Repeated Suggestive Interviews

Vagni,

Giostra

2024

Forensic Sciences

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“…Therefore, it appears important to try to clarify this relationship also with regard to the RBR model. Gudjonsson (2018) highlighted that borderline intelligence was linked to higher suggestibility levels, and this could be due to children's difficulties in executive functions and source monitoring (Lee and Kim 2022;Lee and Shin 2023). In adults with intellectual disabilities, Gudjonsson and Young (2021) found that their low capacity in the social cognitive mechanism associated with low confidence and trust in one's memory limited more resistant responses such as "Direct Explanation" and "I don't know".…”

Section: Intellectual Disabilities and Suggestibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrogative Suggestibility and Ability to Give Resistant Responses in Children with Mild Intellectual Disabilities and Borderline Intellectual Functioning

Giostra,

Vagni

2024

Social Sciences

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Children with intellectual disabilities can be victims of crimes but are generally deemed less reliable in the forensic context than children without disabilities. Their deficits may cause inaccurate recall, greater memory errors, and greater suggestive vulnerability. The aim of the present study is to verify the effects of intellectual abilities on recall tasks, levels of suggestibility, vulnerability to negative social pressure, and Resistant Behavioural Responses (RBR). The study involved 120 children aged 7–16 years who were administered the GSS2 (1997) and Raven Matrices. Forty children had a diagnosis of mild intellectual disability (MID), 40 had borderline intellectual functioning (BIF), and 40 were typically developing peers. Children with MID and BIF showed more errors in distortions, inventions, and confabulations at the recall task and higher levels of suggestibility.Low IQs reduced the ability of source monitoring and led to less resistant responses to misleading questions. IQ affected resistant responses both at the first and second suggestive interview, reducing both source monitoring capabilities and the ability to manage social pressure. Age may impact the ability to provide resistant responses but only in the first suggestive interview (Yield 1), which depends more on the maturity of cognitive processes involved in interrogative suggestibility.

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“…Cassel et al (1996) found that the tendency to yield to repeated-ended suggestive questions decreased with age leading 12-year-olds to perform similarly to adults and display stable levels of suggestibility (La Rooy et al 2009). In answering repeated leading questions, various factors intervene, such as age (Gudjonsson 2003;Gudjonsson et al 2016); higher source monitoring skills (Lee and Shin 2022); coping strategies (Maiorano and Vagni 2020;Rossi-Arnaud et al 2023); language skills; stressful nature of the context, such as the forensic one (Vagni et al 2018); and resilience skills (Gudjonsson et al 2020;Gudjonsson et al 2021). However, inter-subject variability in levels of vulnerability depends on individual differences (Klemfuss and Olaguez 2020).…”

Section: Repeated Suggestive Interviewingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Children Learn How to Resist Repeated Leading Questions and Social Pressures?

2023

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In forensic contexts, children who are victims or witnesses of crimes are repeatedly questioned using stressful leading questions and social pressure. The main aims of the present study are to verify the effects of repeated suggestive interviews on children’s level of suggestibility and resistant responses and to study how age and intelligence quotient may reduce the vulnerability of children. The study involved 110 children aged 10–15 years who were administered the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale 2, and 6 months later, the parallel form GSS1. Older children showed a significant reduction in levels of yielding leading questions in the second administration, while the levels of a shift in answers related to negative criticism remained unchanged. In older children, the age and intelligence quotients may reduce the effect of leading questions and improve resistant responses. The results showed that younger children maintain a stable suggestive vulnerability and constant use of the same strategies to cope with cognitive and social risk factors of interrogative suggestibility, while older children could reduce their levels of yield and use more resistant responses that defer to greater source monitoring and less adherence to external expectations. Children, when exposed to repeated suggestive interviews, may learn to cope with more cognitive aspects of misleading questions while being less able to handle social–emotional pressures. In forensic practice, these results may indicate how children, depending on their age, manage the factors of suggestibility during a testimony hearing and which resistance capacities they can actually use.

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An overview of source monitoring theory and research regarding children’s training

Cited by 3 publications

References 72 publications

The Role of Coping Strategies in Children’s Repeated Suggestive Interviews

The Role of Coping Strategies in Children’s Repeated Suggestive Interviews

Interrogative Suggestibility and Ability to Give Resistant Responses in Children with Mild Intellectual Disabilities and Borderline Intellectual Functioning

Can Children Learn How to Resist Repeated Leading Questions and Social Pressures?

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