An Overview of Stationary Fuel Cell Technology

Brown,; Jones, R. I.

doi:10.2172/4717

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…[21] Previous studies have shown that astrocytes mediate both positive and negative responses in neuronal cells. Primary neurons co-cultured randomly with astrocytes showed reduced toxicity to ammonia [22] but an increased sensitivity to the toxicity of glutamate [23] as compared to pure neuronal cultures. Thus the ability to create and maintain neuronal and astrocyte co-cultures are crucial in developing neuronal systems to study neuron function and interactions between neurons and glial cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Primary Neuron/Astrocyte Co‐Culture on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: A Template for Studying Astrocyte‐Mediated Oxidative Stress in Neurons

Kidambi

Lee

Chan

2008

Adv Funct Materials

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We engineered patterned co-cultures of primary neurons and astrocytes on polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films without the aid of adhesive proteins/ligands to study the oxidative stress mediated by astrocytes on neuronal cells. A number of studies have explored engineering coculture of neurons and astrocytes predominantly using cell lines rather than primary cells owing to the difficulties involved in attaching primary cells onto synthetic surfaces. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of patterned co-culture of primary neurons and astrocytes for studying neuronal metabolism. In our study, we used synthetic polymers, namely poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride) (PDAC) and sulfonated poly(styrene) (SPS) as the polycation and polyanion, respectively, to build the multilayers. Primary neurons attached and spread preferentially on SPS surfaces, while primary astrocytes attached to both SPS and PDAC surfaces. SPS patterns were formed on PEM surfaces, either by microcontact printing SPS onto PDAC surfaces or vice-versa, to obtain patterns of primary neurons and patterned co-cultures of primary neurons and astrocytes. We further used the patterned co-culture system to study the neuronal response to elevated levels of free fatty acids as compared to the response in separated monoculture by measuring the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS; a widely accepted marker of oxidative stress). The elevation in the ROS levels was observed to occur earlier in the patterned co-culture system than in the separated monoculture system. The results suggest that this technique may provide a useful tool for engineering neuronal co-culture systems, that may more accurately capture neuronal function and metabolism, and thus could be used to obtain valuable

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Primary Neuron/Astrocyte Co‐Culture on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: A Template for Studying Astrocyte‐Mediated Oxidative Stress in Neurons

Kidambi

Lee

Chan

2008

Adv Funct Materials

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“…The resolved flow, which includes large turbulent eddies, is solved using a filter operation to the Navier-Stokes equations (Brown 1999). Small-scale turbulence is represented by first-order turbulence closure in the subgrid model.…”

Section: The Large-eddy Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The semi‐direct aerosol effect: Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus

Johnson

Shine

Forster

2004

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

408

429

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SUMMARYAerosols that absorb solar radiation may lead to a decrease of low-cloud cover and liquid-water path (LWP), leading to a positive radiative forcing. A large-eddy model was used to investigate this 'semi-direct effect' for marine stratocumulus and examine the dependency on the vertical distribution of the aerosol. In this study, the aerosols influenced clouds by directly altering the short-wave heating rate (the semi-direct effect), but did not interact with the cloud microphysics (i.e. indirect aerosol effects are excluded). Absorbing aerosols within the boundary layer (BL) decreased LWP by 10 g m −2 , leading to a positive semi-direct forcing. Even for mildly absorbing aerosols (mid-visible single-scattering albedo of 0.96), the semi-direct forcing was three times stronger, and opposite in sign, to the aerosol direct forcing. The semi-direct forcing was found to be proportional to aerosol single-scattering co-albedo (tested to a value of 0.12). Conversely, with the absorbing aerosol layer above the cloud, the LWP increased by 5 to 10 g m −2 , leading to a negative semi-direct forcing. Absorbing aerosols located in the BL heat the cloud layer, enhancing the daytime decoupling and thinning of the stratocumulus layer. Absorbing aerosols immediately above the BL increased the contrast in potential temperature across the inversion, leading to a lower cloud-top entrainment rate. With aerosol both within and above the BL, the semidirect forcing was positive but half the magnitude of that experienced when aerosol was only in the BL. As marine stratocumulus covers about 20% of the globe, the semi-direct effect could significantly influence the radiative forcing by absorbing aerosols.

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“…Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) are high-temperature fuel cells. MCFC and SOFC are most appropriate for stationary power production (from a few hundred kilowatt up to a few megawatt), due to their high electrical (and cogeneration) efficiencies 16 [83,84]. The efficiency of SOFC and MCFC can be further increased by integration with gas turbines (MCFC or SOFC-GT hybrids).…”

Section: Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of electricity and hydrogen production systems with CO2 capture and storage. Part A: Review and selection of promising conversion and capture technologies

Damen

Troost

Faaij

et al. 2006

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

375

198

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We performed a consistent comparison of state-of-the-art and advanced electricity and hydrogen production technologies with CO 2 capture using coal and natural gas, inspired by the large number of studies, of which the results can in fact not be compared due to specific assumptions made. After literature review, a standardisation and selection exercise has been performed to get figures on conversion efficiency, energy production costs and CO 2 avoidance costs of different technologies, the main parameters for comparison. On the short term, electricity can be produced with 85-90% CO 2 capture by means of NGCC and PC with chemical absorption and IGCC with physical absorption at 4.7-6.9 Vct/kWh, assuming a coal and natural gas price of 1.7 and 4.7 V/GJ. CO 2 avoidance costs are between 15 and 50 V/t CO 2 for IGCC and NGCC, respectively. On the longer term, both improvements in existing conversion and capture technologies are foreseen as well as new power cycles integrating advanced turbines, fuel cells and novel (high-temperature) separation technologies. Electricity production costs might be reduced to 4.5-5.3 Vct/kWh with advanced technologies. However, no clear ranking can be made due to large uncertainties pertaining to investment and O&M costs. Hydrogen production is more attractive for low-cost CO 2 capture than electricity production. Costs of large-scale hydrogen production by means of steam methane reforming and coal gasification with CO 2 capture from the shifted syngas are estimated at 9.5 and 7 V/GJ, respectively. Advanced autothermal reforming and coal gasification deploying ion transport membranes might further reduce production costs to 8.1 and 6.4 V/GJ. Membrane reformers enable small-scale hydrogen production at nearly 17 V/GJ with relatively low-cost CO 2 capture. q

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An Overview of Stationary Fuel Cell Technology

Abstract: l"'~T he contents. of this report are printed on recycled paper. m DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Primary Neuron/Astrocyte Co‐Culture on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: A Template for Studying Astrocyte‐Mediated Oxidative Stress in Neurons

Primary Neuron/Astrocyte Co‐Culture on Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films: A Template for Studying Astrocyte‐Mediated Oxidative Stress in Neurons

The semi‐direct aerosol effect: Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus

A comparison of electricity and hydrogen production systems with CO2 capture and storage. Part A: Review and selection of promising conversion and capture technologies

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