An overview of the bacterial contribution to Crohn disease pathogenesis

Alhagamhmad, Moftah H.; Day, Andrew S.; Lemberg, Daniel A.; Leach, Steven T.

doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000331

Cited by 57 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 148 publications

(160 reference statements)

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“…While several putative bacterial pathogens have been linked to CD, including species from Mycobacterium , Campylobacter , Escherichia and Helicobacter , current evidence does not support that CD is caused by a single bacterium [27]. Rather, CD is associated with significant community-level imbalances in the gut microbiome (i.e., dysbiosis), as inferred from stool and/or mucosal biopsy samples.…”

Section: Dysbiosis In CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The human gut microbiome is dominated by four major phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. In healthy individuals, over 90% of species belong to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes [27]. General features of CD-associated dysbiosis include a reduction in the phyla Firmicutes and an expansion of the phyla Proteobacteria, as well as an overall decrease in bacterial diversity [29].…”

Section: Dysbiosis In CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, mounting evidence supports that EEN potently modifies microbial communities residing within the gut [23,24]. These microbial communities (collectively referred to as the microbiome) support intestinal homeostasis and the immune system function [25] and it is widely accepted that disruptions in host–microbe interactions are the driving force behind tissue-damaging inflammation in CD [25,26,27]. Thus, if EEN works through a favorable modification of microbial-based gut inflammation, assessing changes in the microbiome during EEN could offer clues to which microbes and/or microbial metabolites play a role in the etiology of CD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) on the Gut Microbiome in Crohn’s Disease: A Review

et al. 2017

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Crohn’s disease (CD), a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is thought to arise from a complex interaction of genetics, the gut microbiome, and environmental factors, such as diet. There is clear evidence that dietary intervention is successful in the treatment of CD—exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is able to induce remission in up to 80% of CD patients. While the mechanism of action of EEN is not clear, EEN is known to cause profound changes in the gut microbiome. Understanding how EEN modifies the gut microbiome to induce remission could provide insight into CD etiopathogenesis and aid the development of microbiome-targeted interventions to guide ongoing dietary therapy to sustain remission. This review includes current literature on changes in composition and function of the gut microbiome associated with EEN treatment in CD patients.

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Section: Dysbiosis In CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dysbiosis In CDmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Impact of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) on the Gut Microbiome in Crohn’s Disease: A Review

et al. 2017

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“…Instead they are thought to contribute to the development of Crohn's disease, which is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The aetiology of Crohn's disease is uncertain, but is likely to involve both host and environmental factors (Alhagamhmad et al, 2016). AIEC strains are discernible from other varieties of E. coli , including commensals, by virtue of their ability to adhere to and invade epithelial cells and to replicate within macrophages (Martinez-Medina et al, 2009).…”

Section: Dec Pathotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Escherichia coli Pathotypes Still Relevant in the Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing?

Robins-Browne

Holt

Ingle³

et al. 2016

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

130

120

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The empirical and pragmatic nature of diagnostic microbiology has given rise to several different schemes to subtype E.coli, including biotyping, serotyping, and pathotyping. These schemes have proved invaluable in identifying and tracking outbreaks, and for prognostication in individual cases of infection, but they are imprecise and potentially misleading due to the malleability and continuous evolution of E. coli. Whole genome sequencing can be used to accurately determine E. coli subtypes that are based on allelic variation or differences in gene content, such as serotyping and pathotyping. Whole genome sequencing also provides information about single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome of E. coli, which form the basis of sequence typing, and is more reliable than other systems for tracking the evolution and spread of individual strains. A typing scheme for E. coli based on genome sequences that includes elements of both the core and accessory genomes, should reduce typing anomalies and promote understanding of how different varieties of E. coli spread and cause disease. Such a scheme could also define pathotypes more precisely than current methods.

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“…However, microbial abnormalities, called “dysbiosis” are thought to correlate with various kinds of diseases. Unsurprisingly, intestinal dysbiosis was observed in inflammatory bowel disease [4,5]. Interestingly, dysbiosis is also found in diseases that affect the tissues out of the gut.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Gut Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Maeda

Takeda

2017

JCM

180

114

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease, caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Recently, investigators have focused on the gut microbiota, which is thought to be an environmental agent affecting the development of RA. Here we review the evidence from animal and human studies that supports the role of the gut microbiota in RA. We and others have demonstrated that the abundance of Prevotella copri is increased in some early RA. We have also used gnotobiotic experiments to show that dysbiosis in RA patients contributed to the development of Th17 cell-dependent arthritis in intestinal microbiota-humanized SKG mice. On the other hand, Prevotella histicola from human gut microbiota suppressed the development of arthritis. In summary, Prevotella species are involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis.

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An overview of the bacterial contribution to Crohn disease pathogenesis

Cited by 57 publications

References 148 publications

The Impact of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) on the Gut Microbiome in Crohn’s Disease: A Review

The Impact of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) on the Gut Microbiome in Crohn’s Disease: A Review

Are Escherichia coli Pathotypes Still Relevant in the Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing?

Role of Gut Microbiota in Rheumatoid Arthritis

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