An overview of the geology of the Transvaal Sequence and Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Abstract

The Late Archaean-Early

Stable Isotope Composition of Quartz-Calcite Veins in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Implication for Basin-Scale Fluid Circulation

“…feeder dykes are encountered throughout the basin. The deposition of the Ventersdorp Supergroup started at least 2729.2 ± 3.2 Ma ago (Poujol et al, 2005) and ended around 2642 ± 2 Ma (Eriksson et al, 1995) during the indentation stage between the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons. The overlaying sedimentary Transvaal Supergroup consists of dolomites from the lower Chuniespoort Group deposited between 2642 ± 2 Ma (Walraven and Martini, 1995) and 2432 ± 31 Ma and the volcano-sedimentary rocks of the upper Pretoria Group (maximum age of deposition, 2193 ± 20 Ma, Mapeo et al, 2006).…”

Carbon and oxygen isotope systematics of a Paleoproterozoic cap-carbonate sequence from the Sausar Group, Central India

“…In contrast to the many reported occurrences of Neoproterozoic glacial units and cap-carbonates, Paleoproterozoic glaciations are reported from only a few localities in North America (Young and Nesbitt, 1985), Europe (Marmo and Ojakangas, 1984;Strand and Laajoki, 1993), South Africa (Eriksson et al, 1995;Evans et al, 1997), and Australia (Trendall, 1976;Martin, 1999), and cap-carbonates are reported from only a few areas like the Espanola Formation of the Huronian Supergroup (Bekker et al, 2005), the Duitschland and Boshoek/Makganyene formations of the Transvaal Supergroup of South Africa (Bekker et al, 2001), and the Meteorite Bore Member of the Turee Creek Group (Martin, 1999;Lindsay and Brasier, 2002).…”

“…Two glacial diamictites have been reported from South African Paleoproterozoic rocks (Bekker et al, 2001;Frauenstein et al, 2009). The older one at the base of the Duitschland (2316 ± 7 Ma; 2424 ± 12 Ma) and the Timeball Hill (2324 ± 7 Ma) formations occurs above the 2431 ± 31 Ma Kuruman Formation (Lower Transvaal Group) (Eriksson et al, 1994(Eriksson et al, , 1995Mapeo et al, 2006;Kopp et al, 2005;Frauenstein et al, 2009). The younger Makganyene/Boshoek (2249 ± 6 Ma) glaciogenic formations are overlain by Ongeluk/Hekpoort lavas (2222 ± 12 Ma) and banded iron/manganese formations (Evans et al, 1997;Frauenstein et al, 2009).…”

Controls to hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Witwatersberg Goldfield; situated in the floor to the south of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

“…The rocks in the study area belong to the Timeball Hill Formation, which is located towards the base of the Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup (Eriksson et al, 1995). The Pretoria Group, considered to be about 2.35-2.25 Ga in age (Walraven et al, 1990;Martin et al, 1998) comprises a generally upwardcoarsening 4000 m thick sequence of marine shelf shales, siltstones and sandstones.…”