An Overview of the Giant Heterogeneous Mississippian Carbonate System of the Midcontinent: Ancient Structure, Complex Stratigraphy, Conventional Traps, and Unconventional Technology in a High Fluid Volume World

Wilson, Edith Newton; Watney, W. Lynn; Grammer, G. Michael

doi:10.1306/13632140m1163784

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…While mounds were a local source of sediment, it is concluded the dominant carbonate factory was an up‐dip carbonate platform, in an area subsequently eroded or in the subsurface. Mississippian platforms across the midcontinent and western North America are known for an abundance of crinoids (Kammer & Ausich, 2006; Poole & Sandberg, 1991), and their ability to export crinoid‐rich sediment to adjacent slopes and basins (Gutschick et al, 1980; Mazzullo et al, 2019; Wilson et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Up‐dip strata that could include the coeval platform have been eroded at unconformities within the Mississippian, at the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian super‐sequence boundary, and by Tertiary exhumation, or are significantly further north in the subsurface. As a result, the basin depth and morphology of the up‐dip platform (distally steepened ramp or shelf) are unknown, although heterozoan carbonate ramps are the dominant theme of equivalent Mississippian platform strata exposed elsewhere in the midcontinent and western North America (Markello et al, 2008; Poole & Sandberg, 1991; Wilson et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbonate submarine fan deposits of the Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico

Bishop

Bachtel²,

Thompson

et al. 2023

The Depositional Record

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Deepwater carbonate deposition is relatively poorly understood but an area of vigorous research in academia and industry, where these deposits are a significant component of many unconventional petroleum reservoirs. Recent studies of modern deepwater carbonates have highlighted the wide variety of depositional processes, sediment types and resultant geomorphology; however, well‐documented outcrops of ancient systems, their rock types and architecture are relatively sparse. The Mississippian Lake Valley Formation provides world‐class exposures of slope‐basinal carbonate deposits. The Tierra Blanca and Doña Ana members comprise submarine fans that are >14 to 20 km in length, >5 km wide, and exposed in strike and dip view, affording a unique opportunity to constrain the architecture, rock types and sedimentary processes. Tierra Blanca and Doña Ana sedimentation was dominated by crinoids shed from an up‐dip platform and supplemented by sediments sourced locally from Waulsortian mounds. Depositional processes include turbidity flows, debris flows and hybrid sediment‐gravity flows. The Tierra Blanca submarine fan thins towards its lateral flanks and distal fringe, where deposits become more mud‐dominated, gravelly grain‐supported flows are less common, and fewer beds have scoured bases. In proximal settings, bed tracing complemented by measured sections allow mapping of stratal surfaces and identification of stories, elements and complexes. The Tierra Blanca evolved from more unconfined to confined deposition. Point‐sourced deposition of the Tierra Blanca fan required a funnelling mechanism, likely due to bathymetry created by Waulsortian mounds or possibly a platform margin re‐entrant. Outcrop exposures illustrate that younger Doña Ana submarine fan deposits onlap onto, and compensationally stack with, the thickest portions of the antecedent Tierra Blanca fan. These outcrops illustrate both similarities and differences between carbonate and siliciclastic gravity flow deposits. Similarities include comparable deposit types, depositional processes and architecture; differences relate to hydrodynamics of carbonate grains, funnelling mechanisms for point‐sourced deposits and sequence stratigraphic forcing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonate submarine fan deposits of the Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico

Bishop

Bachtel²,

Thompson

et al. 2023

The Depositional Record

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show abstract

“…Frontiers in Earth Science frontiersin.org shelves remain largely unknown, this in part because of the difficulty of establishing regional chronostratigraphic based stratigraphic framework because of the lack of diagnostic biostratigraphic markers that can define the Mississippian sets of prograding clinoforms (Wilson et al, 2019). Nevertheless, muddier Mississippian facies are reported across a large area within the STACK play and it is likely that these facies extend south towards deeper water settings according to the regional paleodepositional context (Price et al, 2020).…”

Section: Petroleum Generation In Mississippian Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Petroleum generation kinetics of unconventional Mississippian mudrocks in central Oklahoma, United States

Atwah¹,

Sweet

2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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The Mississippian mudrocks of central Oklahoma, USA, encompass hydrocarbon-rich unconventional reservoirs. Many factors control the success of hydrocarbon producibility from the Sooner Trend oilfield, Anadarko Basin, and Canadian and Kingfisher Counties (“STACK”) play in Oklahoma, including rock mineralogy, thermal maturity, and organic richness. Petroleum sourcing in these Mississippian reservoirs is complex, encompassing multiple hydrocarbon charges from different source rocks in addition to the Woodford Shale. Therefore, determining petroleum generation kinetic parameters for Mississippian mudrocks is crucial to understand the thermal maturation and associated hydrocarbon fluid types, which can ultimately aid in identifying the “sweet spot”. This investigation presents the first experimental evidence of petroleum generation kinetics for the Mississippian mudrocks in central Oklahoma. Here, core samples collected from Lincoln County, central Oklahoma, were examined for petroleum generation kinetics using a hydrous pyrolysis reactor. Generated pyrolysate products were then examined for key molecular parameters in comparison with produced crude oils. The results from the hydrous pyrolysis experiments and corresponding Arrhenius plots suggest slightly higher reaction rates for hydrocarbons generated from the Mississippian mudrocks compared to the Woodford Shale. These reaction rates result in lower activation energy and frequency factor values for the Mississippian mudrocks when compared to the Woodford Shale. Molecular signatures from pyrolysate oils match with Mississippian sourced crude oils with a predominance of lower and extended tricyclic terpane biomarkers. The geological implications of the determined kinetics suggest that Mississippian petroleum source rocks can generate oil and gas at lower temperatures compared to the Woodford Shale. The low kinetic parameters of Mississippian rocks are postulated due to organic-matter structure co-occurring as infused amorphinite and bituminite within the mineral matrix. The large surface area between the macerals and the mineral matrix could increase the reactivity, with clays acting as catalysts for petroleum generation.

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Machine learning in reservoir characterization: Coupling data resolution-enhancement with hierarchical analysis of 3D seismic attributes for seismic facies classification

Owusu

Raef

2022

Second International Meeting for Applied Geoscience &Amp; Energy

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An Overview of the Giant Heterogeneous Mississippian Carbonate System of the Midcontinent: Ancient Structure, Complex Stratigraphy, Conventional Traps, and Unconventional Technology in a High Fluid Volume World

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Carbonate submarine fan deposits of the Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico

Carbonate submarine fan deposits of the Mississippian Lake Valley Formation, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico

Petroleum generation kinetics of unconventional Mississippian mudrocks in central Oklahoma, United States

Machine learning in reservoir characterization: Coupling data resolution-enhancement with hierarchical analysis of 3D seismic attributes for seismic facies classification

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