An overview of the human immune system and the role of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)

Abstract

The immune system consists of a dynamic network of cells, proteins, tissues, and organs that communicate to provide adequate defense responses against pathogenic agents. The immune system divide into the non-specific (innate) and the specific (adaptive) components, where the interactions between these two arms are intricately regulated. To deploy effective immune responses, immune systems comprise various cells and molecules that communicate with each other via signaling pathways coordinated by gene regulatory networks. The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are critical regulators of both the immune system’s development and activation of different cells. To better understand the essential components of the normal immune system, this review essentially aims to cover the current knowledge of individual components of the immune system and the important role of IRFs in regulating the immune system.

Innate immune suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes, and MicroRNAs

“…As a group, IFNs play exceedingly complicated and pleiotropic roles that are coordinated and regulated through the activity of the family of IFN regulatory factors, or IRFs ( Kaur and Fang, 2020 ). IRF9 is most directly involved in anti-viral as well as anti-tumor immunity and genetic regulation ( Alsamman and El-Masry, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2019 ; Zitvogel et al, 2015 ).…”

CYP Gene Expression and In Vivo Biological Effects of Khat Ethanol Extract, Cathinone and Cathine in Caenorhabditis elegans

“…CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 (C. elegans cyp-34A9 and cyp-35A2) respectively. The activation of C. elegans cyp genes in response to drugs involves several CYP isoforms and regulators for drug metabolism and excretion, inflammation [92] , and/or pathogenesis. Although these preliminary results require further validation, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 (cyp-14A3, cyp-34A9, and cyp-35A2 in C. elegans) might have a significant clinical impact on the management of drug-mediated expression, better assessment of drugs interactions, efficient therapies with minimal side effects and application of personalized treatment regimens.…”

Innate Immune Suppression by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccinations: The role of G-quadruplexes, exosomes and microRNAs

“…As a group, IFNs play exceedingly complicated and pleiotropic roles that are coordinated and regulated through the activity of the family of IFN regulatory factors, or IRFs [17]. IRF9 is most directly involved in anti-viral as well as anti-tumor immunity and genetic regulation [18][19][20].…”