An Overview of the Operational Principles, Light Harvesting and Trapping Technologies, and Recent Advances of the Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (Review)

Recent Progress, Advancements, and Efficiency Improvement Techniques of Natural Plant Pigment‐Based Photosensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

“…It is chemically bonded to the porous surface of the semiconductor material and determines the efficiency and general performance of the device [47]. The possibilities of some organic dyes, polymer dyes, and natural dyes have been reported with great relative cost-effective potential for industrialization [11]. To be effective, photosensitizer should have a broad and intense absorption spectrum that covers the entire visible region, high adsorption affinity to the surface of the semiconducting layer, excellent stability in its oxidized form, low-cost, and low threat to the environment.…”

“…The highest efficiency ever recorded for a DSSCs material was about 12% using Ru (II) dyes when its material and structural properties were optimized. However, this efficiency is less when compared to the efficiencies of the first and second generations of solar cells (thin-film solar cells and first generation (Si-based) solar cells), whose efficiencies were about 20-30% [11]. A ruthenium-based dye and platinum are the most common materials used as photosensitizer and counterelectrode, respectively, in the production of the DSSCs, the third generation of photovoltaic technologies.…”

“…These concepts were supported by the world's energy consumption history projections covering the years from 1990 to 2040. From this projection, more than 60% of energy is dominated by solar energy in the years between 2090 and 2100 [11]. So, Figure 1 describes some common categories of both renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.…”

“…Light energy conversion applications are divided into three categories: photovoltaics for direct conversion of sunlight into electricity, as well as concentrating solar power systems and solar thermal collectors, employing solar thermal energy. All of this energy was modeled in an attempt to produce an efficient power output [11]. Photovoltaic (PV) technology has sparked a lot of interest due to the benefits of lower manufacturing costs and environmental safety.…”

Synthesis, characterization, and theoretical studies of the photovoltaic properties of novel reactive azonitrobenzaldehyde derivatives

“…For decades, extensive research and continuous experiments have shown that dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received a lot of attention due to their excellent photovoltaic performance. [1][2][3][4][5][6] It can be evidently stated that dye-sensitized solar cells are low cost solar cells based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized cell and an electrolyte, belonging to a group of thin-lm solar cells. Co-invented in 1988 by Brian O'Regan and Michael Grätzel, DSSCs help in converting solar energy to electrical energy.…”